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Flashcards

A&P Part IV

Tianna Crew English 159 cards

Cards in this deck (159)

  1. 1What are the seven functions of the blood?transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products; transport of processed molecules; transport of regulatory molecules; regulation of pH and osmolarity; maintenance of body temperature; protection; hemostasis
  2. 2What is the dense protein in red blood cells?hemoglobin
  3. 3What is the blood made of?plasma, buffy coat, red blood cells
  4. 4What is involved in blood clotting?platelets
  5. 5Where is the buffy coat of blood?between the red blood cells and plasma
  6. 6What is the buffy coat made of?white blood cells
  7. 7What is in the plasma of blood?water, proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances
  8. 8What is the soluble protein involved in clotting?fibrinogen
  9. 9How is a red blood cell described?doesnt have a nucleus, is very deformable (can bend)
  10. 10What optimizes diffusion of red blood cells?short distance
  11. 11What are two other names for red blood cells?thrombocyte, platelet orithocyte
  12. 12What is the fraction of packed cells to whole?hematocrit
  13. 13What happens if the hematocrit gets too high?liquid blood turns into sludge
  14. 14What chews up red blood cells and release iron?macrophage
  15. 15How long do RBC's live?have short half life
  16. 16What is the globin of hemoglobin made of?protein
  17. 17What has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen?carbon monoxide
  18. 18What feedback does hemostasis have?positive
  19. 19What is the soluble protein that binds things together?fibrin
  20. 20What is the clotting cascade?inactive clotting factors are activated by exposed connective tissue or chemicals; the activated clotting factors form prothrombinase; prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (the clot)
  21. 21What is another name for clot removal?fibrinolysis
  22. 22What happens during fibrinolysis?thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactive plasminogen into plasmin; plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot resulting in clot removal
  23. 23How to cure a blood clot?stop the leak, repair, reopen
  24. 24What is released slowly during clot removal?plasminogen
  25. 25What is a Type A red blood cell?Type A antigens and plasma with Anti B antibodies
  26. 26What is a type B red blood cell?Have Type B antigens and plasma with Anti A antibodies
  27. 27What is a Type AB red blood cell?Have both Type A and Type B antigens and no plasma antibodies
  28. 28What are Type O red blood cells?Have no antigens, but both Anti A and Anti B plasma antibodies
  29. 29What is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?pericardium
  30. 30What receives blood from the entire body except the lungs?right atrium
  31. 31What "color" refers to low amount of blood, more carbon dioxide?blue
  32. 32What pumps blood to the lungs?right ventricle
  33. 33What carries deoxygenated blood from the ventricle?pulmonary artery
  34. 34What is the largest artery?aorta
  35. 35What pumps blood only to the lungs?pulmonary artery
  36. 36What pumps blood to the entire body except the lungs?left ventricle
  37. 37How are the lungs size compared to each other?the left lung is smaller than the right
  38. 38What has a one way valve?veins
  39. 39Via veins where can blood flow?back to the heart
  40. 40What have no valves?arteries
  41. 41What is blood pressure measured in?millimeters of mercury
  42. 42What changes membrane potential in cardiac muscles?calcium channels
  43. 43What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?SA node
  44. 44Where is the SA node located?in the right atrium
  45. 45What is myogenic and what is it?the heart, can beat without outside help
  46. 46How does heart rate change?depolarization
  47. 47What is the P Wave?atrial depolarization, cystolae
  48. 48What returns blood to the right atrium?superior and inferior vena cava
  49. 49What returns blood to the tricuspid valve?right atrium
  50. 50What returns blood to the right ventricle?tricuspid valve
  51. 51What returns blood to the pulmonary trunk?pulmonary semilunar valves
  52. 52What returns blood to the pulmonary arteries?pulmonary trunk
  53. 53What carries blood to the pulmonary veins?pulmonary arteries
  54. 54What carries blood to the left atrium?pulmonary veins
  55. 55What carries blood to the bicuspid valve?left atrium
  56. 56What carries blood to the left ventricle?bicuspid valve
  57. 57What carries blood to the aortic semilunar valves?left ventricle
  58. 58What carries blood to the aorta?aortic semilunar valves
  59. 59What carries blood to the superior and inferior vena cava?aorta
  60. 60What happens during the depolarization of skeletal muscle?sodium channels open, potassium channels begin to open
  61. 61What happens during depolarization of cardiac muscle?sodium channels open, calcium channels open
  62. 62What is the result of decreased blood oxygen?increased erythropoietin
  63. 63What is the result of increased erythropoietin?increased blood oxygen
  64. 64What is the QRS interval?ventricular depolarization, cystolae
  65. 65What is the T wave?ventricular repolarization, diastole
  66. 66What is Frank Starling's law of the heart?increased blood volume and increased stretch of myocardium causes the increased force to pump blood out
  67. 67How many sections does the heart have?4
  68. 68Which side of the heart is more muscular?right side
  69. 69what is mitral valve?bicuspid
  70. 70If there is more blood in the ventricle what happens?more comes out
  71. 71What carries blood toward the heart and away from the heart?arteries carry blood away, veins carry blood toward
  72. 72What is the lowest layer of a capillary?simple squamous
  73. 73What is the innermost layer of blood vessels?endothelium
  74. 74Where are the major arteries?close to the heart
  75. 75What is auto-regulated?heart circulation
  76. 76What do kidney's do?filter blood
  77. 77Where is the main drop in blood pressure?over arterioles and centrioles
  78. 78Where does blood pressure rule?beginning of the capillary bed
  79. 79What is the function of proteins?retain water, bind hormones, bind drugs
  80. 80Where does oncotic pressure rule?end of capillary bed
  81. 81What system is significant in the heart?PNS, parasympathetic
  82. 82What increases sodium absorption?aldosterone
  83. 83What is released when blood pressure is too low?ADH released posterior pituitary
  84. 84What are the functions of the respiratory system?regulation of blood pH, vocalization, olfaction, innate immunity
  85. 85Air passageways decrease in _____ but increase in _____size, number
  86. 86What links the alveoli to the walls of the thorax?pleurae
  87. 87What is the makeup of the alveoli?simple squamous
  88. 88Why is the alveoli optimized?for gas exchange
  89. 89What do septol cells create and decrease?create sofactant, decrease surface tension
  90. 90What is Boyle's law?P1V1=P2V2
    increase pressure of gas, decrease volume
  91. 91What is the skeletal muscle used to breathe?diaphram
  92. 92Which is active and passive for breathing?inhale active, exhale passive
  93. 93Why is breathing bulk flow?due to pressure difference
  94. 94What is the typical adult tidal volume of the lungs?500 mL
  95. 95What happens if pressure in lungs is low?air moves in
  96. 96What gases make up the atmosphere/air?nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, vapor pressure
  97. 97What are the two primary gases in air?nitrogen and oxygen
  98. 98What is in solution in the bloodstream while underwater?nitrogen
  99. 99In what form is carbon dioxide in the blood?bicarbonate
  100. 100Subunits talk to each other and change their selectivitycooperativity
  101. 101What is bound to hemoglobin?98% oxygen
  102. 102What can and cannot enter the brain?protons cannot enter, carbon dioxide can enter
  103. 103What is sigmoid curve?hemoglobin
  104. 104How many hemoglobin can bind to oxygen and what does it do?4, increase affinity
  105. 105What are the functions of the renal system?excretion, regulation of blood volume and pressure, regulation of osmolality of the blood, regulation of extracellular/blood pH, RBC production, Vitamin D synthesis
  106. 106What is the function of the kidney?filters, reabsorbs selectively, secretes selectively
  107. 107What increases blood pressure, increase blood flow?renin
  108. 108Aldosterone increases what ion retention in the kidney?sodium ions
  109. 109What enzyme breaks down angeotensinogen?renin
  110. 110What does urine not contain a lot of?protein
  111. 111What substance gets nitrogen out of the body?urea
  112. 112Glucose and amino acids reabsorbed through active transportproximal
  113. 113What is the loop of henle?permeable to water, becomes more concentrated, more solvent in less solute
  114. 114What is pharmacology?the study of drugs
  115. 115What the body does to a drug, how the body processes and moves the drugpharmacokinetics
  116. 116What a drug does to the body?pharmacoynamics
  117. 117What are the four functions of pharmacodynamics?absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
  118. 118Where does the majority of drug absorption occur?in the small intestine
  119. 119What is the central site of drug distribution?blood
  120. 120What is the volume of distribution formula?total amount of drug in the body/drug blood plasma concentration
  121. 121What is the chemical alteration of a drug produced by the body?metabolism
  122. 122Where are most drugs metabolized?in the liver
  123. 123What is the physical elimination of drugs?excretion
  124. 124Through what are most drugs excreted through?the kidneys
  125. 125What is the overall filtration rate of kidneys?GFR
  126. 126What five substances make up white blood cells?neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
  127. 127What 3 substances are in the proteins of blood?albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
  128. 128What is the difference between the platelet plug and the clotting cascade?platelet plug is used for small leaks, clotting cascade used for big leaks
  129. 129What happens between P and Q of the ECG?filling up with blood
  130. 130What is the conduction system of the heart?Action potentials in the SA node travel across the atrium to the AV node and along the bundle of hiss and divide down the left and right branches to the apex of each ventricle
  131. 131What is the main function of arteries?smooth out pressure changes
  132. 132What is the main function of capillaries?exchange oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  133. 133How is blood pressure measured?pump way above systolic pressure, lower pressure in cuff at a constant rate and listen, once at systolic pressure hear first sound as some blood is flowing through, at diastole in cuff blood pressure greater in cuff back to laminae flow, no sound
  134. 134What is the pressure of proteins in blood?oncotic pressure
  135. 135What pressure maintains water?osmotic pressure
  136. 136What regulates blood pressure in the aorta?baroreceptors
  137. 137What monitors blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH?chemoreceptors
  138. 138What is the function of pleurae?keeps alveoli from collapsing in btw breaths, hold alveoli open
  139. 139Where are septol cells located?in the alveoli
  140. 140What enhances the cooperativity of oxygen?the sigmoid curve/hemoglobin
  141. 141What happens to the sigmoid curve for fetal hemoglobin?curve moves to the left because the baby takes the oxygen
  142. 142What have fused basement membranes and what do they help?capillary and alveoli, help gas exchange
  143. 143How is carbon dioxide transported?10% dissolves in blood, 20% reacts with globin in hemoglobin AA R groups, 70% variation undissolved/ react with water
  144. 144What happens in the respiratory system when pH becomes alkaline/too high?slow down breathing to increase blood carbon dioxide
  145. 145What happens in the respiratory system if pH becomes acid/too low?increase breathing to decrease blood carbon dioxide
  146. 146What drives respiration?carbon dioxide
  147. 147What do the kidneys filter?protein, glucose, sodium ions, chlorine ions, and HCO3-
  148. 148What do kidneys not filter?urea, uric acid, creatinine, potassium
  149. 149What selectively secretes sodium during secondary active transport in the kidneys?convoluted tubule
  150. 150What do the kidneys use to maintain water?osmotic pressure/gradient
  151. 151What is the main filter unit in the kidney?basement membrane
  152. 152What hormone increases water retention in the kidneys?aldosterone
  153. 153What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?cortisol and aldosterone
  154. 154What is the function of the juxtaglomerus apparatus?dilates afferent and releases renin which activates RAAS
  155. 155What affect does ADH have on the kidneys from the anterior pituitary?retains water
  156. 156What affect does ANH have on the kidneys from the anterior pituitary?lose water
  157. 157What is the major body buffering system?bicarbonate
  158. 158What causes increased thirst?increased concentration or large decrease in blood pressure
  159. 159What systems control pH?respiratory and renal

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Flashcards on A&P Part IV, created by Tianna Crew on 22/11/2013.
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