Flashcards
Management Test 2 Flashcards
Cards in this deck (62)
- 1Describe the two systems of decision making:Two Systems designed by Daniel Kahneman:
System 1: intuitive/ unconscious; fast, automatic
System 2: analytical/conscious; slow, deliberate, analytical, and effortful; full of reasoning - 2What is the curse of Knowledge?" People design products so complicated because of what they know and they can't think of other people who don't know
2. As knowledge grows, people cannot see it from another person's perspective. - 3What is the Rational Model of Decision Making?Classical Model that explains how managers should make decisions; assumes manager willl make optimal logical decisions that will be the optimum in furthering the organizations best interests
- 4Name the 4 stages of the Rational Decision Making Model?Stage 1: Indentify the Problem
Stage 2: Think of alternative Solutions
Stage 3: Evaluate alternatives and select best option
Stage 4: Implement and Evaluate the solution chosen. - 5What do you need for successful implementation of rational decision making?Plan carefully and be sensitive to those affected.
- 6What should a manager do if the action isn't working in rational decision making1. Give it more time
2. Change it Slightly
3. Try another alternative.
4. Start over. - 7What's wrong with the rational model?It is prerscriptive and decides how managers should make decisions, but it doesn't describe how manager actually make decisions.
Assumptions: complete info, logical and unemotional analysis, and best decision chosen - 8What is the Nonrational decision making model and what are the two types?Explain how managers make decisions; assume that decision making is always uncertain and risky, making it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions; descriptive and says how managers make decisions
Two Types: Bounded Rationality and the intuition model - 9Describe the bounded rationality model of nonrational decision making1. Developed by Herbert Simon
2. ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by constraints
3. Causes satisficing - 10What is an ethics officer?Someone trained about mattes of ethics in the workplace, particularly about resolving ethical dilemmas.
- 11What is a decision tree?A graph of decisions and their possible consequences; it used to create a plan to reach a goal
- 12What questions should you ask when you want to know if something is right?Page 200
1. Is is legal?
2. If yes, does it maximize the proposed action maximize shareholder value?
3. If yes, is it ethical?
4. If no, would it be ethical not to take the action? - 13What is evidenced decision making and the 7 implementation principles?EDM: using rational principles based on evidence in and organization
Must: 1. Treat organizaiton as unfinished prototype; 2. no brag, just facts; 3. Set yourself and your organization as outsiders do; 4 . Evidence-based management is not just for senior execs; 5 . Like everything else, you need to sell it; 6. If all else fails, slow the spread of bad practice; 7. The best diagnostic question: What happens when people fail - 14Why is Evidence decision making hard?1. too much evidence
2. Not enough good evidence
3. the evidence doesn't quite apply
4. People are trying to mislead you
5. You are trying to mislead you
6. side effects outweigh cure
7. Stories > evidence - 15What are 3 things help business analytics ( data analysis)?1. Predictive Modeling: data-mining technique used to predict future behavior and anticipate consequences
2. Having multiple applications
3. Suppot from the top - 16What are the 4 decision styles?Page 207
- 17What are heuristics?strategies to simply the process of decision making
- 18What are 9 decision making biases?page 212-213
1. Availabilty 2. representative, 3. confirmation, 4. sunk- cost, 5. anchoring and adjustment, 6. overconfidence, 7. hindsight, 8. framing, 9. escalation of commitment - 19What are advantage s of group decision making?1. Greater pool of knowledge
2. different perspectives
3. intellectual stimulation
4. better understanding of decision rational
5. deeper commitment to decision - 20What are disadvantages of group decison making?1. few people dominate/intimidate
2. Groupthink
3. satisficing
4 Goal displacement (primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal) - 21What do managers need to know about group decision making?1. Less efficient
2. Larger the group, lower quality of decision
3. Groups are more confident
4. knowledge counts - 22What is minority descent?When a minority of the group opposes an idea; good for a group
- 23What is a decision support system?computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future
- 24Describe the difference between: 1. For Profit organizations 2. Nonprofit organizations 3. Mutual benefit Organizations1. For Profit: formed to make money through products and services
2. Nonprofit: offers services to certain profits w/o profit (Ex: hospital)
3. Mut-Ben.: voluntary collectives hose purpose is to advance members' interests - 25What is an organization chart?Box and lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization's official positions or work specializations (ex: o page 239)
- 26What two things do organization charts reveal about organizational structure? Describe them.1. Vertical Heirarchy: the chain of comand( who reports to whom
2. Horozontal Specialization: who specializes in what different jobs - 27What are the 4 common elements of organizations? Describe them.1. Common purpose: unifies employees by giving reason for being
2. Coordinated effort: coordination of indiv. efforts in a group
3. Division of Labor/ Work Specialization: discrete parts by different people
4. Heirchy of Authority/ Chain of Comand - 28What is flat organization?Flat organization: few or no level s of middle management
- 29What is the unity of command?an employee should report to no more than one manager
- 30What are 3 more common elements of organizations (in addition to 4)?5. span of control (narrow v. wide) : number of people reporting to manager
6. Authority, Responsibility and Delegation
7. Centralization(higher level mgt makes decisions) vs. Decentralization ( mid- level and supervisors make decisions) - 31What is the difference between authority, responsibility, and delegation?- Authority: right inherent to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources (mgrs. are accountable)
- Responsibility : obligation to perform assigned tasks
- Delegation: assigning authourity and responsibility - 32What's the difference betweeen a line manager and staff personnel?Line managers: have authority and people report to them
Staff personnel: have authority functions; provide advice, counsel, recommendations, and research to line managers - 33What is organizational designs and describe the 3 types?- designing optimal structure for accountability and responsibility
1. Traditional Designs:
2. Horozontal Designs
3. Designs that open boundaries b/t organizations - 34What is the traditional view?Performance=f(ability, motivation)
- 35What the four types of traditional structures?1.Simple: flat heirarch with few rules, centralized authority and low work specialization
2. Functional: people with similar skills are put together in formal groups
3. Divisional: Grouping by similarity
4. Matrix: combine functional & divisional chains in a grid so there are two command structures (horozontal & vertical) - 36What are the 5 types of divisional structures (departmentalization)?1. Functions: a grouped by jobs performed
2. Product: by similar products/services
3. Customer: by common customers
4. Geographic: by territory/regional location
5. Process: by work or customer flow - 37What is a horizontal design?"team-based deisgn" team or workgroup, permanent or temporary, used to imove collaboration and work on shared tasks by breaking down internal boundaries
- 38What is a boundary-less organization and name the 3 structures?BL org: fluid, highly adaptive org. who's members come together to collaborate
1. hollow//network: central cor of key functions; outsource other functions to vendors who can do it cheaper
2. modular structure: firms assembles product chunks provided y outside contractors
3. virtual: company created to respond to a martket opportunity that's tempor. - 39What is a contigency designs and what 3 factors influence it?Contigency design: process of fitting the og to its envronment
1. Mechanistic vs. organistic environment
2. Differentation vs. integration of envrionment
3. Link between strategy, culture, and structure - 40Describe the difference between a mechanistic vs. organic organization by Burns and Stalker?Mechanistic: centralized authority with rigid rules and closely supervised employees, bureaucratic
Organic: decentralized authority with loose rules; employees are encouraged to work together (adhocracies) - 41Describe the Lawrence and Lorsch Model of environment?Differentation: parts of an organization to disperse and fragment
Integration: tendecy of parts of an organization to draw together to achieve a common purpose - 42What is human resource management and what are the 3 most important aspects?things managers do to attract, develop and retain an effective workforce
1. Human capital: employee knowledge, experience, actions
2. knowledge worker: someone who's job generates or interprets info
3. Social capital: strong cooperative relationships - 43What is the difference between job analysis, job description, and job specification?Analysis: determine by observation, the basic elements of the job
Description: summarize what you do and how you do it
Specification: min. qualifications to perform job - 44How do you predict future employee needs?1. Find out what kind of staffing the org. needs (know their future goals)
2. Know likely staffing sources: inside vs. outside org. - 45What is a human resources inventoryList of all employees by name, education, training, etc.
- 46What is recruiting and what are the two types?Recruiting: process of locating/attracting qualified applicants
Internal: people that are already employed
External: attracting job applicants from outside
*Referrals work best - 47What is the selection process and what are 3 selection tools?selection process: screening of applicants
1. Background info: appl., resume, reference,
2. Interviews
3. Employment Tests - 48Describe the 3 types of interview.1. Unstructured: asking probing questions to find out about applicant
2-3*Structured intw: asking applicant qstns and comparing to standardized answers
-situational: focuses on hypothetical qs.
- behavioral-description: focuses on past actions - 49What the 5 types of employment tests?1. Ability: measure physical abilities (strength, stamina, etc.)
2. Performance Test: performance on an actual job task
3. Personality: personality traits
4. Integrity Tests: measure attitudes & experiences related to honesty
5. genetic screening, drug testing, etc - 50What are reliability and validity tests?Reliability: is it consistent?
Validity: is it free of bias - 51What are the 3 parts of compensation?1. Wages
2. Incentives (commissions, bonuses)
3. Benefits (health insurance, retirement) - 52What is orientation and what a new hire learn?Orientation: helping newcomer fit smoothly into job and organization
Should learn job routine, organization mission/purpose, and operations, work rules, and emloyee benefits - 53What should happen in training and development and what are the different types?Training: upgrading skills of tech/operational employees
Development: upgrading skills of professionals and managers
-On-the job vs. Off the job(computer) - 54What are the 5 steps of the job training process?1. Assessment (is training needed)
2. OBjectives (what should they learn)
3. Selection (What methods)
4. Implementation( how should training be done)
5. Evaluation (did it work) - 55What is an objective performance appraisal?results appraisal; based on facts
-measure results
-harder to challenge legally - 56What is a subjective appraisal and what are the 2 types?: based on managers perceptions of employee traits/behaviors
-Trait appraisal: ratings of things like attitude and leadership
- Behavioral appraisals: measure things like being on time for work - 57What is the difference between a formal and informal appraisalformal: specific time on measures that are predetermined
informal: unscheduled basis and const of less rigourous indications - 58What is the collective bargaining?negotiations b/t management and employees about disputes over compensation
- 59What is the Fail Labor Standards Act of 1938?estalished minimum of living standards for workers in interstate commerce
- min. wage - 60What the EEOCEqual opportunity employment comission
- established y civil rights act
-antidiscrimination - 61What is adverse impact?occurs when an organiation uses an employment practice or procedure that results in unfavorable outcomes to a protected group ( a test that is unfair)
- 62What is disparate treatment?When you treat workers of a protectd class unfairly
Information
- Description
- Flashcards on Management Test 2 Flashcards, created by Ayanna Patterson on 19/10/2015.
- Created by
- Ayanna Patterson
- Views
- 0
- Rating