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| Question | Answer |
| Motivation | The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner. |
| Instincts and Evolutionary Approach | People are governed by instincts |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | Behavior arises from internal drives to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal. |
| Primary vs. Secondary Drive | Primary- survival needs Secondary- learned |
| McClelland's Theory | Need for Affiliation (nAff)- interactions/relationships with others. Need for power (nPow)- control over others Need for achievement (nAch)- success in goals |
| Carol Dweck's Self Theory | -nAch linked to personality factors -Internal Locus of Control: control over what happens in their lives. External Locus of Control- control by powerful others, luck, fate |
| Arousal Theory | Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation |
| Incentive Approaches | Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties. |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | -First humanistic theory by Abraham Maslow -Physiological needs --> Fulfillment |
| Self-Determination Theory | -Richard Ryan and Edward Deci -Autonomy: control of one's own behavior -Competence: master challenging tasks in life -Relatedness: sense of belonging, intimacy, security with others |
| Emotion | The "feeling" aspect of consciousness characterized by: Certain physical arousal, behavior that reveals emotion to the outside world, inner awareness of feelings |
| Common Sense Theory | Feeling a particular emotion leads to physical reaction and then to a behavioral reaction "I am shaking because I am afraid" Stimulus-snarling dog First Response: conscious fear Second: ANS arousal |
| James-Lange Theory of Emotion | A stimulus produces a physiological reactions and bodily sensations which leads to labeling the emotion. "I am afraid because I am shaking" Stimulus: Snarling Dog First Response: ANS arousal/changes in body Second: conscious fear |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | The physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. "I am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time" Stimulus: Snarling dog First Response: Subcortical brain activity Second Response: ANS arousal. changes in the body, conscious fear |
| Cognitive Arousal Theory | -Both the physical arousal and labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. -AKA "Two-Factor Theory" -Schacter and Singer -"This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid." -First Response: cognitive appraisal + ANS arousal -Second Response: conscious fear |
| Cognitive-Meditational Theory | -Stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction -Lazarus -"The snarling dog is dangerous and therefore I should feel afraid" -Stimulus: Snarling Dog -First response: appraisal of threat Second response: bodily response |
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