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Flashcards

ap pyschology unit 4- ?

Meghan Schindler English 125 cards

Cards in this deck (125)

  1. 1Reinforcementin operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
  2. 2Shapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
  3. 3positive reinforcementIncreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food - any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
  4. 4negative reinforcementIncreasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli - any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
  5. 5primary reinforcera biological stimulus that reinforces something
    ex: food, sex, love
  6. 6conditioned reinforcera learned reinforcer ex: money
  7. 7continuous reinforcement schedulereinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
  8. 8partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedulereinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
  9. 9fixed-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
    ex: 5 correct answers= 1 gold star
  10. 10variable-ratio schedulevariable-ratio schedule
    in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
  11. 11fixed-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
  12. 12variable-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
  13. 13positive punishmentthe administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
  14. 14negative punishmentthe removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
  15. 15Biofeedbacka system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
  16. 16Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus ex: hearing a ringtone for the first time and getting your attention but hearing it over and over you begin to not pay as much attention to it
  17. 17associative learninglearning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
  18. 18Stimulusany event or situation that evokes a response
  19. 19operant behaviorbehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences ex: punishment and reinforcement
  20. 20cognitive learningthe acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
  21. 21Behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
  22. 22neutral stimulusin classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits NO response before conditioning
  23. 23unconditioned responseIn classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
  24. 24unconditioned stimulusin classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.
  25. 25conditioned responsea learned response to previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
  26. 26conditioned stimulusan orginiall neutral stimulus that after assocation, an unconditioned stimulus
  27. 27operant conditioninga type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recurr if followed by a reinforcer and less likely followed by a punishment
  28. 28reinforcementan event that strengthens behavior
  29. 29Preparednessa biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
  30. 30cognitive mapa mental representation of the layout of one's environment
  31. 31instinctive driftthe tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
  32. 32latent learningilearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
  33. 33insighta sudden realization of a problem's solution
  34. 34intrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake ex: reading a book for fun
  35. 35extrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment ex: math
  36. 36problem-focused copingAttempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
  37. 37emotion-focused copingattempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
  38. 38learned helplessnessthe hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
  39. 39external locus of controlthe perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
  40. 40internal locus of controlthe perception that you control your own fate
  41. 41prosocial behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavior
  42. 42mirror neuronsFrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
  43. 43Modelingthe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
  44. 44observational learninglearning by observing others; also called social learning
  45. 45self-controlthe ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
  46. 46anti-social behaviorbad role models influence bad actions
  47. 47stimulus discriminationthe brain's abiliy to distinguish between similar stimuli ex: the bell at school and bell at a university
  48. 48counter conditioningpairing a pleasant stimulus w/ a fearful stimulus ex: getting presented a snake and then getting icecream afterwards
  49. 49floodingoverexposure to a feared stimulus until fear disappears
  50. 50taste aversionlearned avoidance of a particular food ex: lacing your alcohol drink to prevent you from drinking ever again
  51. 51delyared reinforcera reinforcer that occurs later after a behavior ex: paycheck
  52. 52overjustification effectwhen intrinsic motivation becomes extrinsic motivation; in other words, when doing something fun no longer becomes enjoyable when forced and now being rewarded for it ex: receiving a gift card for every book finished
  53. 53Ian Pavlovclassical conditioning- Neutral stimulus, Unconditioned stimulus/ response etc
  54. 54BF Skinneroperant chamber aka Skinner box- to study animal behavior
  55. 55BanduraBandura Bobo experiment- a grp of grownups kick a bobo doll to see if the kids will imitate that behavior; proof of modeling
  56. 56Recallretrieving information that you learned earlier in time ex: vocab words
  57. 57recognitiona measure of memory in which the person can identify items previously learned ex: recognizing pp's faces
  58. 58relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again ex: algebra
  59. 59Encodingwhen you can extract information into your brain
  60. 60storagethe process of retaining encoded information over time
  61. 61Retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage
  62. 62sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
  63. 63long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. ex: knowledge, skills, and experiences.
  64. 64working memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
  65. 65explicit memoryretention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" ex: semantic memory and episodic memory
  66. 66effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort ex: facts and events
  67. 67automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information examples:
    a. space-while studying, you encode the textbook's page number
    b. time- encoding the seq. of events of where you lost your backpack
    c. frequency- keeping track of how many times you tripped that day
  68. 68implicit memoryretention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection ex: procedural memory, conditioned associations
  69. 69Iconic memorya brief visual stimuli ex: looking at an advertisement while driving
  70. 70echoic memorybrief auditory stimuli (3-4 sec)
    ex: daydreaming in class but being called on by the teacher to repeat what they said
  71. 71haptic memorybrief sense of touch ( less of a second)
    ex: feeling the clothing on you
  72. 72Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically ex: memorizing random letters
  73. 73mnemonicsmemory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices ex: memorizing the order where light travels in the eye and turning them into sentences as a helping aid
  74. 74spacing effectthe tendency for studying with breaks to be more beneficial than studying without breaks
  75. 75testing effectenhancing your memory after retrieving by quizzing yourself rather than rereading information
  76. 76shallow processingencoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
  77. 77deep processingencoding semantically, ex: remembering the meaning of the words rather than remembering the vocab word
  78. 78semantic memoryexplicit memory of facts and general knowledge
  79. 79episodic memoryexplicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
  80. 80flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
  81. 81hierarchybreaking down broad concepts into categories ---> subcategories
  82. 82rehearsalconscious repetition of info on a topic ex: musical
  83. 83long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
  84. 84Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
  85. 85encoding specificity principlethe idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
  86. 86mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
  87. 87serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
  88. 88self- reference effectthere's a better recall when you make studying personal to you
  89. 89location methodthere's a better recall of locations ex: home
  90. 90state dependant memoryyou recall better when in a similar state of consciousness ex: sober or drunk
  91. 91memoryinfo that has been acquired and stored and can be received
  92. 92memory consolidationthe neural storage of a long-term memory
  93. 93anterograde amnesiaan inability to form new memories; can only recall the past ex: failing to remember a new person, phone number
  94. 94retrograde amnesiaan inability to retrieve information from one's past ex: learning how to drive but having no conscious recall of learning that skill
  95. 95proactive interferencethe forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
  96. 96retroactive interferencethe backward-acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
  97. 97reconsolidationa process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
  98. 98misinformation effectoccurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event
  99. 99source amnesiafaulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
  100. 100cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
  101. 101concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people ex: racism
  102. 102prototypea mental image or best example of a category ex: robins is the first thing that comes in mind when you hear "bird"
  103. 103creativitythe ability to produce new and valuable ideas
  104. 104convergent thinkingnarrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
  105. 105divergent thinkingexpanding the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
  106. 106AlgorithmA methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees to solve a particular problem. ex: unlock iPhone password
  107. 107Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms ex: unlocking iphone password w/ their bday
  108. 108confirmation biastendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence
  109. 109intuitionfast, automatic feelings and thoughts
  110. 110fixationinability to view problems from a new angle
  111. 111overconfidenceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
  112. 112belief perseveranceignoring evidence that proves our beliefs are wrong
  113. 113framingwording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response ex: buying 80% lean ground beef vs. 20% fat grnd beef
  114. 114encoding failurenot being able to remember something if we never encoded it in the first place
    ex: knowing the general look of your bedroom but forgetting minor details
  115. 115storage decayirrelevant information decays over time ex: math
  116. 116retrieval failureinfo goes on long term memory but unable to fish it out
  117. 117representativeness heuristicjudging by how well they seem to represent a prototype ex: assuming a man wearing glass and likes poetry is a English teacher rather than a truck driver
  118. 118availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; ex: panicking in the ocean bc you watched Jaws
  119. 119functional fixednessa tendancy to only think of similar functions for objects ex: 30 uses of toilet paper other than wiping
  120. 120phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
  121. 121morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
  122. 122linguistic determinismLanguage determines the way
    we think
  123. 123grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
  124. 124languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
  125. 125mental seta tendancy to approach a problem in one particular way espeicially when it has been successful in the past

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Flashcards on ap pyschology unit 4- ? , created by Meghan Schindler on 14/11/2022.
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