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Exam 2 Ch5 Mush~

Jiehao Xu Exam 2 biochem 10th grade English 15 cards

Reversible binding of protein to ligand (Ka , Kd & Y)

Cards in this deck (15)

  1. 1Reversible binding of protein to ligand (Ka , Kd & Y)Reversible binding of protein to ligand (Ka , Kd & Y)
  2. 2Calculating [L] with Y given or visa versaCalculating [L] with Y given or visa versa
  3. 3Hemoglobin (T state & R state)R-state: stable state with O2
    T-state: more stable without O2
    R-state has a bigger inner core than the T-state
    The T—>R transition:
    - the narrowing of the pocket between B1B2 and alpha1
    alpha 2 substrates
  4. 4Cooperative bindingmodulators bind to allosteric proteins to affect binding of ligand and increases the affinity of protein for ligand
    1. Heterotropic
    - ligand and modulator are different
    2. Homotropic
    - ligand and modulator are the same
  5. 5Allosteric proteinsBinding of ligand (or modulator) to one side on a protein affects the binding in another region
    T state is lower affinity and R state is higher affinity. Goes from T to R by going to an S state
    T state does not have oxygen but R state does. There are also many S states depending on how many oxygens there are
  6. 6BPG and Hemoglobin O2 bindingOxygen binding to hemoglobin is regulated by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate(PGC)
    Heterotrophic allosteric modulation:
    - Binds at site distant from the O2 binding site
    - reduces Hb (hemoglobin) affinity for O2 and stabilizes the T state
    Binds to 2 positively charged (+)
    amino acid residues in cavity
    Fetal hemoglobin has lower affinity for BPG. Can bind more O2 from mother    BPG and Hemoglobin O2 binding
  7. 7Hill equation (meaning of nH and n) / log(Y/1-Y) vs. log pO2 plotNh > 1 postive Nh = 1 not cooperative binding Nh <1 then negative cooperativivityHill equation (meaning of nH and n) / log(Y/1-Y) vs. log pO2 plot
  8. 8- Sickle cell anemia (causes, fibers, therapies)(Causes)- inherited blood disorder (homozygous condition)
    - mutations in hemoglobin sequence
    - one common one is Glu —> Val at position 6 in Beta subunit
    - creates a more hydrophobic pocket with other neighboring amino
    acids in sequence (amino acids make decreased solubility and
    that leads to less O2 (oxygen) binding and sickle shape)
    (fibers)-Sickle red blood cells only last 10-12 days
    - normal red blood cells last 120 days
    (therapies) typically people who had sickle cell anemia have to have blood
    transfusions often to help with the shorter RBC life
  9. 9Immune response (humoral and cellular)The Humoral immune response:
    - Immunoglobulins= Ig
    -Directed at bacterial infections and extra cellular viruses/foreign proteins
    - antibodies (immunoglobulins-Ig) produced by B lymphocytes (B-cells) bind bacteria, viruses, and foreign bodies (about 20% of blood proteins)
    - Body capable of producing 10^8 different Ig proteins
    The cellular immune response:
    - destroys host cells infected by viruses
    - T lymphocytes (Tc cells)/cytotoxic T cells
    - have T cell receptors on Tc that recognize foreign material —> for direct immune response
    - Helpter T cells (Th) that produce soluble signaling proteins (cytokines) —> for indirect immune responses
    - Normally this (both direct and indirect paths) can take 2-4 days for the immune response to build up to a new virus
    - Memory cells are created through vaccines (vaccines have active form of the virus that causes body to make memory cells so that the body has an
    immune response to the virus when it comes into the body)
  10. 10Antigen & Haptens-Antigens: molecule or pathogen capable of eliciting immune response
    - (antibodies or T cell receptors bind to antigenic epitope (region on antigen that is targeted by the antibody or T cell receptors))
    - Haptens: Peptides (<5000 Da(molecular weight)) attached to proteins that can elicit immune response
  11. 11Immunoglobulin (Ig) - basics of structure- IgG is the major class of antibody/most abundant
    -4 polypeptide chains (2 are heavy and 2 are light)
    - Every Ig has conserved structure motifs
    - immunoglobulin fold (1 heavy and 1 light variable domain)    Immunoglobulin (Ig) - basics of structure
  12. 12Immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)Immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)
  13. 13Phagocytosis- when IgG binds to specific bacterium or virus antigens, it activates macrophages to engulf and destroy foreign material
    - Fab region binds to antigen
    - Fc region binds to Fc receptors on surface of the macrophage
  14. 14Polyclonal vs monoclonal antibodiesThere are 2 types of antibody preparation used:
    1. Polyclonal antibodies:
    - produced by series of different B lymphocytes
    - A mixture of antibodies created to bind different epitopes within antigen
    - has antibodies that can target a variety of places
    2. Monoclonal antibodies:
    - a clone of one single antibody from one type of B-lymphocyte
    - This means that the same antibody is produced the same
    - polyclonal are cheaper to buy because they are easier to produce.
  15. 15Western Blots (basics)- They are used to detect a certain type of protein
    - several ways of doing it.
    -can do it in a gel system and using an immune
    block that uses a nitrocellulose (secondary
    separation)
    Primary antibody binds
    Secondary antibody test is a color change to
    indicate something

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10th grade Exam 2 biochem Flashcards on Exam 2 Ch5 Mush~, created by Jiehao Xu on 14/11/2022.
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Jiehao Xu
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