Flashcards
BIO 1220L Practical 2 Review
Cards in this deck (65)
- 1What are the main characteristics of fungi?Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
Parasitic or Saprophytic - 2What does it mean to be saprophytic?To obtain nutrients from dead organisms
- 3What does it mean to be parasitic?To obtain nutrients from living organisms
- 4What are the common names of the 3 fungi phylums?Mold
Club Fungi
Sac/Cup Fungi - 5What are the scientific names of the 3 fungi phylum?Zygomycota (mold)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Ascomycota (sac/cup fungi) - 6What is the main structure of fungi called?Mycelium
- 7What do mycelium consist of?Hyphae
- 8What are hyphae?Thin filamentous strands of cells that can grow almost infinitely long
- 9What are the cells of hyphae made up of?Chitin
- 10Where is most of a fungi's biomass found?In the mycelial network which is often buried underground or in a food source
- 11What does having a mycelial morphology allow fungi to do?It allows fungi to grow directly into their food
- 12How do fungi eat?External digestion which is the release of enzymes onto food which breaks it down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed by hyphae
- 13What can basidiomycota break down with specialized enzymes?Lignin and cellulose
- 14How do fungi reproduce? (2)Sexually and asexually
- 15What are the noticeable structures of fungi? Where are they?Reproductive structures
Located above ground - 16What is the reproductive structure of club fungi?Mushrooms
- 17Which fungi can reproduce asexually?All fungi
- 18How are fungi differentiated?Based on differences in their modes of sexual reproduction
- 19How much of a fungi's biomass does the reproduction structure make up?A very tiny fraction
- 20What are the structures involved in asexual reproduction of fungi?Conidia (haploid spores) which are produced on conidiophores (specialized hyphae)
- 21What is the ploidy level of conidia?n
- 22What is the ploidy level of conidiophores?n
- 23What is the ploidy level of mycelium?n
- 24What are yeasts?Unicellular fungi
- 25How do yeasts reproduce?Asexually via budding
- 26How do conidia produce haploid mycelium?Germination
- 27What are the steps of asexual reproduction in fungi?1. Specialized hyphal stalks, conidiophores (n), on mycelium produce conidia (n) through mitosis
2. The conidia (n) germinate to produce haploid mycelium (n) - 28What are the steps of sexual reproduction in fungi?1. The hyphae of 2 mycelia meet and their cytoplasms fuse forming mycelium with genetically different nuclei
2. Rain/temperature change induce the mycelium to form masses that become fruiting bodies (n + n, reproductive structures)
3. The nuclei fuse, forming a diploid zygote (2n, the only diploid stage)
4. Diploid zygote (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
5. Haploid spores (n) germinate to produce haploid mycelium (n) - 29What is the ploidy level of the sexual fruiting body of a fungus?n + n (heterokaryotic)
- 30What does it mean to be heterokaryotic?n + n
Nuclei have not fused yet - 31What is the ploidy level of the zygote formed in sexual reproduction for all fungi?2n
- 32What are characteristics of zygomycota?Mold (Bread/Fruit)
Mostly soil-dwelling saprophytes
Some are parasitic to plants, insects, and small animals - 33How do zygomycota sexually reproduce?The tips of 2 haploid (n) hyphae fuse and undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygospore (2n) in the zygosporangium, which undergoes meiosis to yield haploid zygomycete spores (n)
- 34What are the sexual structures associated with zygomycota and their ploidy level?Zygospores (2n)
Zygosporangium (2n)
Zygomycete Spore (n) - 35What is the ploidy level of a zygosporangium?2n
- 36What is the ploidy level of a zygospore?2n
- 37What are the characteristics of basidiomycota?Mainly saprophytic
Most familiar fungal group because of mushrooms (fruiting bodies) - 38How do basidiomycota sexually reproduce?Via the formation of specialized club-shaped cells called basidium that are clustered within the gills of basidiocarps
Basidium produce basidiospores via meiosis
Basidiospores germinate and give rise to mycelium - 39What is the ploidy level of basidium and basidiocarps?n + n
- 40What is the ploidy level of basidiospores?n
- 41Where is the zygospore located?Zygosporangium
- 42What process do basidium perform to produce basidiospores?Meiosis
- 43What do basidiospores give rise to and how?Mycelium via germination
- 44What are the characteristics of ascomycota?Largest fungal group with 64,000 species
Don't have mushrooms (but still have fruiting bodies) - 45How do ascomycota sexually reproduce?An ascocarp (sexual reproductive structures) which contain sacs called asci, a microscopic (sexual structure) in which ascospores are formed via meiosis
Ascospores germinate and give rise to mycelium - 46What is the ploidy level of an ascocarp and asci?n + n
- 47What is the ploidy level of an ascospore?n
- 48What is plasmogamy?Fusion of cytoplasm
- 49What is karyogamy?Fusion of nuclei
- 50What do ascospores give rise to and how?Mycelium via germination
- 51What process do asci perform to produce ascospores?Meiosis
- 52What are lichens?A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae and a fungi (ascomycota)
- 53What is the symbiotic relationship between cyanobacteria/unicellular green algae and fungi (ascomycota)?The algae produce carbohydrates for the fungus through photosynthesis
The fungus “fertilizes” the algae with inorganic nutrients from its waste, and provides the algae with shelter and protection (algae cannot live in terrestrial environments otherwise) - 54What are the 3 growth formations of lichen?Crustose
Foliose
Fruticose - 55What is the name of the mutualistic relationship that fungi form with plant roots?Mycorrhizae Interactions
- 56What is the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots?Fungi increase the surface area of the plant’s root system for better uptake of water and soil
In return, the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant - 57What are the two forms of mycorrhizae?Endomycorrhizae (inside)
Ectomycorrhizae (outside) - 58What are the characteristics of endomycorrhizae?Located inside plant roots
Common in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms - 59What are the characteristics of ectomycorrhizae?Located outside plant roots
Common in angiosperms - 60What terms are related to sexual reproduction in ascomycota?Ascocarps
Asci
Ascospores - 61What terms are related to sexual reproduction in basidiomycota?Basidiocarps
Basidia/Basidium
Basidiospores - 62What terms are related to sexual reproduction in zygomycota?Zygospores (diploid zygotes)
Zygospo[rangia/rangium] - 63What terms are related to asexual reproduction in all fungi?Conidiophores
Conidia - 64What process do conidiophores use to produce conidia?Mitosis
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