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Flashcards

EFF ANATOMY

megan52694 English 179 cards

Cards in this deck (179)

  1. 1bundle of axons outside of CNSnerve
  2. 2small mass of nervous tissue composed of cell bodies outside of CNSganglia
  3. 3nervous system of the GI tract helps regulate digestive systementeric plexuses
  4. 4structures that monitor changes in our internal and external environmentsensory receptors
  5. 5detect stimuli in internal and external environment and then sends info to afferent or sensory neurons, which send signal to CNSsensory function
  6. 6perception processes sensory info by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for an appropriate responseintegrative function
  7. 7responds to integrated info (muscular contraction or glandular secretion)motor function (efferent)
  8. 8convey info from sensory receptors (in skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and special senses) to CNS and from CNS to skeletal muscles onlysomatic nervous system (SNS)
  9. 9convey info from mainly visceral organs (smooth muscle organs in thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) to CNS and from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandsautonomic nervous system (ANS)
  10. 10branch of ANS fight-or-flight (increased heart rate, sweat, pupils dilate)sympathetic division
  11. 11lost ability to divide sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle, regulating secretionsneurons
  12. 12can divide maintain interstitial fluid that bathes neurons support and protect neuronsneuroglia
  13. 13at the end of the axon contains nucleus and cytoplasmcell body
  14. 14branch off cell body receives signals from other axonsdendrites
  15. 15yellowish in color tail of neuron carry nerve impulsesaxon
  16. 16insulates axon and helps propagate signalmyelin sheath
  17. 17inside cell body protein synthesisnissil bodies
  18. 18connects cell body and axonaxon hillock
  19. 19action potential starts trigger zone (where impulse arises) right before/where axon startsinitial segment
  20. 20filled with neurotransmitter (inside of synaptic vesicles)synaptic end bulb
  21. 21plaque buildup on myelin sheath, causing it to not workmultiple sclerosis
  22. 22type of neurotransmitter (excites) released by synaptic vesicles and broken down by enzyme in synaptic cleftAch
  23. 23most common type of neuron in body several dendrites and one axon all motor neurons and most neurons in CNSmultipolar
  24. 24one main dendrite and one axon found in retina, inner ear, and olfactory part of brainbipolar
  25. 25one cell process that extends from the cell body sensory neuronsunipolar
  26. 26help to form BBB protoplasmic (gray matter - short branching processes) fibrous (long-branching processes, white matter) structural support and memory processes make contact with blood capillaries, pia mater, and neuronsastrocytes
  27. 27have process that are responsible for forming the myelin sheath - a lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conductionoligodendrocyte
  28. 28function as phagocytes and they remove cellular debris, microbes and damaged nervous tissue. Originates in bone marrow and eventually migrates into central nervous systemmicroglia
  29. 29line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cordproduce, possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). They also form the blood– cerebrospinal fluid barrierependymal cells
  30. 30also called neurolemmocytes, encircle PNS axons and form the myelin sheath around axons - participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily accomplished in the PNSSchwann cells
  31. 31surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia regulate the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid. (kinda like microglia)satellite cells
  32. 32aggregations (collections) of myelinated and unmyelinated axons of many neurons myelin = whitishwhite matter
  33. 33contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia (no myelinated axons)gray matter
  34. 34presynaptic neuron stimulates postsynaptic neuronsimple series circuit
  35. 35one single cell stimulates many others; send same signal to same area using a different amount of weight (just change stimulus)diverging circuit
  36. 36one cell is stimulated by multiple other cells; blue=pre-synaptic red=post-synaptic; vomiting (smell, taste, sight all go into one outputconverging circuit
  37. 37the impulse from later cells repeatedly stimulate other cells to keep it going in a circuit; breathingreverberating circuit
  38. 38one single cell that stimulates a group of cells in a parallel row that ultimately stimulates one post-synaptic cellparallel after-discharge circuit
  39. 39the formation of new neurons that comes from stem cells; been proven that this can happen in one part of the brain called the hippocampus (seen limited results at other parts of the body)neurogenesis
  40. 40most superficial layer; thick and strong, made of dense irregular connective tissuedura mater
  41. 41cushion of fat and CT in between dura mater and wall of vertebral canalepidural space
  42. 42a thin space containing interstitial fluid between the dura mater and the arachnoid matersubdural space
  43. 43thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loose arrays of collagen Spider web arrangement of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers. Rare and difficult to dissect from the pia materarachnoid mater
  44. 44space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater containing the shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluidsubarachnoid space
  45. 45innermost layer; a thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. It consists of thin squamous to cuboidal cells within interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some fine elastic fibers.pia mater
  46. 46thickenings of pia mater fuse with arachnoid mater to anchor it in placedenticulate ligament
  47. 47C4-T1cervical enlargement
  48. 48T9-T12lumbar enlargment
  49. 49inferior to lumbar enlargement; the spinal cord terminates as this tapering, conical structure; around T12-L2conus medullaris
  50. 50horse tail-like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cordcauda equina
  51. 51extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and fuses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx; end of spinal cordfilum terminale
  52. 52divide spinal cord into right and leftanterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
  53. 53connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cordanterior white commisure
  54. 54horn that somatic motor nuclei that control skeletal muscles contractionsanterior/ventral horn
    (gray matter)
  55. 55horn that has axons of sensory neurons, cell bodies, and axons of interneurons—interprets incoming sensory informationposterior/dorsal horn
  56. 56horn that is only in thoracic, upper lumbar, and some sacral segments of the spinal cord. Houses cell bodies of the autonomic motor nuclei – regulate contraction of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandslateral horn
  57. 57anterior, posterior, and lateral have both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) tractswhite columns
  58. 58spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord as these; converge to form larger roots that eventually form the ganglion and trunkrootlets
  59. 59contain motor neuronsanterior roots
  60. 60contain sensory neuronsposterior roots
  61. 61swelling that contains the cell bodies of sensory neuronsposterior root ganglion
  62. 62sensory posterior root and motor anterior root converge to form this mixed nerve, containing sensory and motor neuronsspinal nerve trunk
  63. 63serves the (dorsal) deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunkposterior ramus
  64. 64ventral, (form plexus) serves the muscles and structures of the anterior trunk and limbsanterior ramus
  65. 65reenters the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meningesmeningeal branch
  66. 66components of the autonomic nervous system; supply smooth muscle and glandular tissue; lead to sympathetic chain of ANSrami communicantes
  67. 67Axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves, except for thoracic nerves T2–T12, that form networks on both right and left sides of the body by joining with various numbers of axons from anterior rami of adjacent nerves. They do this INSTEAD of going directly to the body structures they supplyplexuses
  68. 68Formed by the roots of nerves C1-C4 Supplies skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest Phrenic nerve compromised C1-C3 you run risk of respiratory failurecervical plexus
  69. 69consists of nerves C5-T1, supplies shoulders and upper limbsbrachial plexus
  70. 70supplies deltoid and teres minoraxillary
  71. 71supplies flexors in armmusculocutaneous
  72. 72goes all the way to fingertips, shoulder and arm extensorsradial
  73. 73go all the way into hand, supply flexors of wrist and hand (carpal tunnel - median)median and ulnar
  74. 74(C5-6), wrist is hard to extend; shoulder is adducted, the arm is medially rotated, the elbow is extended, the forearm is pronated, and the wrist is flexed; there is loss of sensation along the lateral side of the arm.Erb-Duchenne palsy/waiter’s tip position
  75. 75radial nerve injury, inability to extend the wrist and fingerswrist drop
  76. 76cannot abduct or adduct fingers; loss of sensation over the little finger (clawhand)Ulnar nerve injury may result in ulnar nerve palsy
  77. 77winged scapula-paralysis of serratus anterior muscle, median border of scapula protrudes when arm is raised; arm cannot be abducted beyond horizontal positionlong thoracic nerve injury
  78. 78numbness, tingling, and pain in fingers/inability to pronate forearm/flex fingers and wristMedian nerve injury may result in median nerve palsy
  79. 79External genitelia, anterior/med thigh, abdominal wall Damage to the obturator nerve can cause paralysis to the thigh abductor (text question) come off ventral rami of L1-L4lumbar plexus
  80. 80important for sexpudenal
  81. 81vertebrae collapse and now they are resting on nervesspinal stenosis
  82. 82goes down thigh and splits into tibial and perennial/fibular branches from L4-S3sciatic
  83. 83(Peroneal)- damage to this causes foot drop -Damage to tibial portion causes loss of anterior leg and footinjuries
  84. 84the area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal nervedermatomes
  85. 85main route that takes info through spinal cord into brain Responsible for: pain, temperature, deep pressure, and crude touchspinothalamic tract
  86. 86main tract that takes info up spinal cord into brain responsible for proprioception (ability to know where you are) and discriminative touch, and 2 point discrimination (used to test for nerve damage, stick a patient in 2 places and see if they detect), pressure, and vibrationposterior columns
  87. 87responsible for precise and voluntary movements of skeletal musclescorticospinal (motor tract)
  88. 88posture, muscle tone, and equilibrium; programming of automatic movements and coordination of body movements with visual stimuli, and coordination of visual eventsVestibulospinal and rubrospinal (motor tracts)
  89. 89thin membrane that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrumfalx cerebri
  90. 90separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellumfalx cerebelli
  91. 91separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum from the cerebellumtentorium cerebelli
  92. 92one in each hemisphere of the cerebrumlateral ventricles
  93. 93Protects the brain and spinal cord from physical and chemical injuries to the brain Also contains oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals to promote use of neurons and neurogliacerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  94. 94thin membrane that separates the two lateral ventricles anteriorlyseptum pellucidum
  95. 95narrow, slit-like cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamusthird ventricle
  96. 96lies between the brain stem and the cerebellumfourth ventricle
  97. 97where most of the CSF is generated; network of modified blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles that are covered by ependymal cells joined by tight junctions; ependymal cells form the CSF by filtration and secretioncoroid plexus
  98. 98reabsorb CSFarachnoid villi
  99. 99Contributions to homeostasis Mechanical protection- serves as the shock absorber; protects the delicate tissues of brain and spinal cord from jolts that would otherwise cause them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal Chemical protection- provides an optimal response of neuronal circuit Circulation-medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissueCSF
  100. 100Caused by blockage of CSF or trauma, but most of time doesn’t have learning disability -Blockage comes in third/fourth ventricleshydrocephalus (big head baby)
  101. 101barrier consisting of specialized brain blood capillaries and astrocytes that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the CSF and brain allows oxygen, glucose, CO2, anesthetic drugs, and alcohol to cross does not allow proteins and antibiotics made of tight junctionsBBB
  102. 102Blood vessel ruptures Also called a stroke/brain attack Clogged arteries caused by plaque can cause a CVAcerebrovascular accident
  103. 103Brain is blocked by a blood clot (could originate from other places) Results can be from minor to severetransient ischemic attack
  104. 104extension of spinal cord; begins at the foramen magnum and extends to the inferior border of the ponsmedulla oblongata
  105. 105Cardiovascular center that determines the force and rate of heartbeat and diameter of bv Respiratory center: allows for rhythm of our breathing Vasomotor: controls coughing, sneezing, swallowingfunctions of medulla
  106. 106bulges/protrusions of white matter on the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata, formed by the largest motor tracts (Decussation of pyramids- why the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body- cross over)pyramids
  107. 107Nerves 8-12medulla
  108. 108neurons signal impulses to the cerebellum and interprets proprioreceptive signals Gives precision to movementolivary nucleus
  109. 109sensation of our fine touch and proprioception for the upper bodygracile nucleus
  110. 110fine touch and proprioception of the lower bodycuneate nucleus (medulla)
  111. 111Carries information from these 2 nuclei (gracile and cuneate - medulla) to the thalamusmedial lemniscus
  112. 112controls muscles of tongue for speech and swallowing (motor) speech, swallowing, chewing)hypoglossal (12)
  113. 113Cranial portion arises from the medulla and controls the skeletal muscles of throat and hard palate Spinal portion arises from cervical part of the spinal cord (innervates sternocleidomastoid, trapezium) shoulders for the movement of the headaccessory (11)
  114. 114mixed nerve (motor and sensory); controls cardiac and smooth muscles; controls secretion of digestive fluids in digestive track (taste, monitoring blood pressure, O2 and CO2 levels, swallowing, vocalization, coughing, respiratory constriction, decrease in heart rate)vagus (10)
  115. 115mixed nerve; taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of your tongue; controls a muscle that lifts throat in swallowing secretion of saliva, touch and pain of skin in upper pharynx and external ear, BP, O2 and CO2 levelsglossopharyngeal (9)
  116. 116Cochlear branch- in ear; responsible for hearing Vestibular branch- receptors in vestibular apparatus that gives sense of balance, can cause vertigo Ataxia: lack of coordination caused by compromised vestibulocochlear (sensory)vestibulocochlear (8)
  117. 117nuclei in pons important for learning motor skills ventral portionpontine nuclei
  118. 118Pneumotaxic- transition between inhale and exhale; will yield and override apneustic Apneustic- signals end of breathnuclei in dorsal portion of pons
  119. 119goes to facial muscles, mucus, salivary, nasal glands, tear glands, taste buds of anterior 2/3 of your tongue (motor + sensory portion) touch and pain from skin in external ear canalfacial (7)
  120. 120movement of eyeballabducens (6)
  121. 121mixed nerve; touch and pain in face, scalp, and mouth (anterior 2/3 of tongue) motor portion allows us chew; has 3 branches of the sensory portion (Opthalamic: goes to eye Maxillary Mandibular)trigeminal (5)
  122. 122contain axons of these motor neurons from these three areas; conduct impulses from cerebrum to spinal cord, medulla, and pons, respectively (Corticospinal Corticobulbar Corticopontine)anterior cerebral penduncles (midbrain)
  123. 123posterior part of midbrain [Superior colliculi- coordinates your eye movements with visual stimuli] [Inferior colliculi- coordinates your eye movements with sound/auditory stimuli]tectum
  124. 124neurons extend from here to basal ganglia and help control subconscious muscle activities and release dopamine (Parkinsons)substantia nigra
  125. 125Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses that control muscle movement; high iron content gives pigmented colorred nuclei
  126. 126goes to superior oblique eye muscle (eye nerve)trochlear (4)
  127. 127goes to 2 intrinsic eye muscles and 4 extrinsic eye muscles (eye nerve); responsible for shaping the lens of your eye Affected in cataract patients Changes shape of lens of eyeoculomotor (3)
  128. 128Entirely sensory; it contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision Optic chiasm-where the optic nerves cross Optic tracts in nucleus of thalamus-posterior to the chiasm, the regrouped axons, some from each eyeoptic (2)
  129. 129sense of smell Entirely sensory; it contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for olfaction Olfactory bulbs-paired masses of gray matter where the axon terminals of olfactory receptors form synapses with the dendrites and cell bodies of the next neurons in the olfactory pathway Olfactory tracts-made up of the axons of these neurons Arise in cribiform plate Sense of smell is strongest because it bypasses the thalamus (only nerve that does so)olfactory (1)
  130. 130connect third and fourth ventriclescerebral aqueduct
  131. 131Reticular formation plays a role in waking you up to loud sounds -Neurons within this area have ascending and descending tracts to help maintain consciousness as well as active while awake from sleep -Also plays role in muscle tone- slight degree of tone even when relaxingreticular activating system (RAS)
  132. 132central constricted area between the two cerebellar hemispheres; inferior surface of cerebellumvermis
  133. 133lobes of cerebellum that govern subconscious aspects of our skeletal muscles and makes skilled movements ; gives you the ability to dance and catch a ballanterior and posterior
  134. 134lobe of cerebellum that contribute to equilibrium and balanceflocculonodular lobe
  135. 135carries sensory information from the spinal cord (vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and from proprioceptors throughout the body into the cerebellum)inferior cerebellar peduncle
  136. 136carries sensory information from the cerebral cortex and the basil ganglia (carry impulses for voluntary movements to nuclei in the pons to the cerebellum)middle cerebelluar peduncle
  137. 137carries motor fibers that go to the motor control areas of your brainsuperior cerebellar peduncle
  138. 138Connects brain stem to cerebrum surrounded by cerebral hemispheres Pituitary gland projects from diencephalon Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamusdiencephalon
  139. 139superior part of the diencephalon; major relay system for most of our sensory impulses that go to the brain Major part of rage and aggression and arousal; damage to this area could lead to coma The nuclei of every cranial nerve goes through the thalamus except for the olfactory nerve Intermediate mass- bridge gray matter joins the right and left halves of the thalamus in about 70 percent of human brainsthalamus
  140. 140connects hypothalamus to limbic systemanterior nuclei of thalamus
  141. 141connects the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, and the basal gangliamedial nuclei of thalamus
  142. 142connects the superior colliculi and the limbic system and all lobes of the cerebrumlateral group of nuclei of thalamus
  143. 143inferior part of diencephalonMajor regulator of homeostasis: Control of ANS-autonomic nervous system Production of hormones Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns Pain, aggression, anger, etc. Regulation of eating and drinking- thirst and hunger Sleep patterns- Circadian rhythmhypothalamus
  144. 144posterior to the thalamus Contains the pineal gland-secretes melatonin (the hormone of “darkness”) Only part with incomplete BBB Small, size of peaepithalamus
  145. 145the deepest grooves within the gyri Longitudinal-separates right and left halves of cerebrum Transverse-separates cerebrum from cerebellumfissures
  146. 146shallow grooves between gyri (sulcus singular) Central sulcus-separates frontal from parietal Lateral sulcus-separates frontal from temporal Parieto-occipital sulcus- separates parietal from occipitalsulci in cerebrum
  147. 147folds of the cortical region of the cerebrum (gyrus singular) Brain grows faster than skull so begins to fold in development Precentral gyrus-anterior to central sulcus; contains the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex Postcentral gyrus-posterior to central sulcus; contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortexgyri in cerebrum
  148. 148Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipitallobes of cerebrum
  149. 149conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemispheresassociation tracts in cerebral white matter
  150. 150conduct the nerve impulses from the gyri in one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the other hemispherecommissural tract in cerebral white matter
  151. 151Conduct nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower parts of the central nervous system (brain stem and spinal cord)projection tract in cerebral white matter
  152. 152Early onset (before 60) and late onset (older 60) Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine-nucleus basalis Beta-amyloid plaques- abnormal clusters of dead cells Neurofibrillary tangles- twisted fragments of protein that build up on nerve bundles (clog up nerve cells from sending impulses)Alzheimer's
  153. 153three masses of gray matterbasal nuclei/ganglia
  154. 154primary role in range of emotions and olfactory systemlimbic lobe
  155. 155blood pressure and heart rate relating to emotional processingcingulate gyrus
  156. 156spatial memoryparahippocampal gyrus
  157. 157usually the first part affected by Alzheimer’s; important role in the consolidation of information (short term to long term memory)hippocampus
  158. 158contributes to the formation of new memorydentate gyrus
  159. 159plays a primary roll in the formation and storage of memory that is associated with emotion (why we remember good and bad things)amygdala
  160. 160carries signals from hippocampus to mammillary bodies (function in memory)fornix
  161. 161uncontrolled tremors; loss of dopamine-releasing neurons from substantia nigraParkinsons
  162. 162genetic, can cause behavioral disorders, moodiness, paranoiaHuntington disease
  163. 163forms in cortical and subcortical parts of the thalamus; suggested dysfunction of basal ganglia and prefrontal cortexTourette syndrome
  164. 164excess dopamine activity causes hallucinations and paranoiaschizophrenia
  165. 165obsessive thoughts that become obsessive behaviors; caused by basal nuclei and limbic systemOCD
  166. 166Primary motor area- voluntary contraction of special motor skills; how we plan and execute our movements Broca’s speech area- ability to understand spoken words Wernicke’s area- ability to be bilingualMotor areas of cerebral cortex
  167. 167Primary somatosensory Primary visual Primary gustatory- taste Primary olfactorysensory areas of cerebral cortex
  168. 168concerned with person’s personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of information, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, and development of abstract ideasprefrontal cortex
  169. 169association area that receive nerve impulses for touch, pain, temperaturesomatosensory association
  170. 170understanding what you're looking atvisual association area
  171. 171disorder not a disease; affects brain waves and nervous system; non progressive but degeneratingcerebral palsy
  172. 172brain tumorglioma
  173. 173not being able to speak words or not being able to think of the word you want to sayaphasia
  174. 174like Alzheimer’sDementia
  175. 175disturbance of brain activity that results in seizuresepilepsy
  176. 176inflammation of the brain mostly due to infectionencephalitis
  177. 177usually affects children 4-12; detrimental effects to major organsReye's syndrome
  178. 178Left brain- spoken and written language; numerical skills, sign language, reasoning (scientists) Right brain- musical and artistic, spatial, emotional content of language, facial expressions (artists) Women have more crossovers than menhemisphere laterization
  179. 179generated by neurons; can be seen on an EEG (electron encephalograms, can diagnose medical conditions) Alpha- awake and resting beta- mental activity theta- emotional stress delta- deep sleepbrain waves

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Flashcards on EFF ANATOMY, created by megan52694 on 26/11/2013.
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