GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

Humb Week 2

Nouvelle T Medicine English 37 cards

Cards in this deck (37)

  1. 1Cellstructural and functional unit of all living things, including humans.
  2. 2Two parts of Environment in a CellIntracellular and Extracellular
  3. 3Intracellular- inside the cell.
    - Main components = some similar components to the extracellular environment such as water, ions, hormones, dissolved gases, glucose but differing concentrations, and will also have intracellular proteins with various functions, cytoskeleton and various organelles.
  4. 4Extracellular- outside the cell.
    Intravascular: inside the blood vessels.
    Intercellular (interstitial): in between cells.
  5. 5Functional Characteristics of Cells1. Cell metabolism and energy use
    2. Synthesis of molecules
    3. Communication
    4. Reproduction and inheritance
  6. 6Cell metabolism and energy useCell metabolism: the chemical reactions that take place in the cell.
    Energy produced from chemical reactions used for other cellular processes, reactions and functions.
  7. 7Synthesis of molecules- Some of the molecule produced by cells: lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids), DNA, RNA and various proteins.
    - Protein can be turned into receptors, hormones, cell membrane channels, antibodies and muscles proteins.
  8. 8Communication- communicate with other cells, sending or receiving chemical or electrical signals.
    - reasons for communication: cell division, cell growth or to carry out specific functions.
  9. 9Reproduction and inheritance- Most cells contain genetic information, mainly DNA, and this DNA will direct how a cell functions and what it
    looks likes.
    - DNA can be passed into newer cells so the newer cells know how to carry out the same functions as older cells.
  10. 10Organelleslittle organs that carry out particular functions within a cell.
  11. 11Plasma membrane- aka cell membrane
    - Function: Encloses and supports cellular contents, controls what goes into the cell and what comes out, and role in inter-cellular (cell-to-cell) communication; e.g. through the use of protein receptors.
    - Extracellular fluid = outside of the cell.
    - Cytoplasm/intracellular fluid = inside of the cell.
    Structure:
    - Lipid bilayer (phospholipids bilayer and
    cholesterol) – 45-50%.
    - Provides flexibility to the cell.
    - Carbohydrates – 4-8%.
    - Proteins – 45-50%. E.g. integral protein, membrane channel.
    - Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane). Establishes an extracellular micro-environment. Role in cell metabolism, cell recognition and cell association. Molecules which make up glycocalyx: gycloproteins (carbohydrates and proteins), glycolipids (carbohydrates
    and lipids) and carbohydrates.
  12. 12Cytoplasm- Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane.
    - Within the cytoplasm are the organelles.
    - Made up of cytosol.
  13. 13Cytosol- Fluid portion of the cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water).
    - Cytoplasmic inclusions – aggregates (clumps) of chemicals – e.g. pigments such as melanin, glycogen.
    - Cytoskeleton – supports the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement
    of its organelles.
  14. 14Cytoskeleton- Support the cell and its organelles. Responsible for changes to the shape of the cell and movement of its organelles.
    - Three types of cytoskeleton proteins:
    - Microtubules
    - Microfilaments
    - Intermediate filaments.
  15. 15Cytoplasm vs Cytosol vs CytoskeletonCytoplasm: The cell components outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. All the intracellular
    fluid plus all the organelles except the nucleus.
    Cytosol: Intracellular fluid, containing a mixture of water, salts, dissolved ions and organic molecules.
    Cytoskeleton: Consists of structural protein filaments that give shape to a cell, provide strength, stabilise the
    position of organelles and assist in cell movement.
  16. 16NucleusFunction:
    - control centre of cell
    - DNA in the nucleus determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell.
    Structure:
    - Nuclear envelope = a bilayer membrane surrounding the nuclear, porous - has pores/holes in it which allow molecules to pass through and out of the nucleus.
    - Nucleoplasm = fluid material inside the nucleus.
    - Nucleolus = primary produces ribosomes.
  17. 17Multi-nucleated cellsCells that are multi-nucleated: skeletal muscles cells and osteoclasts (cells which break down bone) as these cells require more regulation, eg muscle cells require the constant synthesis of enzymes and proteins for their function.
  18. 18RibosomesFunction: site of protein synthesis
    Structure: composed of two subunits - large and small, free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes (attached to organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum).
  19. 19Endoplasmic reticulumStructure: flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules.
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum - with ribosomes.
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - without ribosomes.
  20. 20Rough endoplasmic reticulumsynthesis and modification of proteins.
  21. 21Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis.
    - Detoxification of harmful substances (e.g. drugs).
    - Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
    - Cells that have large amount of SER: liver cells because they detoxify harmful substances and cells of the ovaries and testes because they produce the lipid-containing hormones estrogen and testosterone.
  22. 22Golgi apparatusStructure:
    - Flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae.
    - Secretory vesicles – move the proteins from the Golgi apparatus to their appropriate destination.
    Function:
    - “Traffic director” for cellular proteins.
    - Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    - Cells that contain a well-developed and extensive Golgi apparatus: secretory cells in general e.g. goblet cells (mucus), pancreatic beta cells (insulin) or acinar cells (enzymes), stomach chief cells (digestive enzymes) and plasma cells (antibodies).
  23. 23LysosomesStructure:
    - membrane bound vesicles that form at the Golgi apparatus.
    - contain enzymes within them.
    Function:
    - 'demolish' unwanted substances.
    - digestion of molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc) that are no longer needed by the cell.
  24. 24MitochondriaStructure:
    - Outer membrane
    - Intermembrane space
    - Inner membrane
    - Matrix – gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place.
    - Changes shape continuously.
    - Has its own genetic material so is able to reproduce itself.
    Function:
    - “Power plants” of a cell.
    - ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production and supply.
    - ATP is the unit of currency for energy.
    - Cells with a large numbers of mitochondria: kidney, liver and muscle cells because these cells have higher energy requirements and use energy at a higher rate.
  25. 25Centrioles and CentrosomeStructure:
    - Barrel-shaped organelles orientated at right angles to each other.
    - Wall of centrioles is composed of microtubules.
    - Two centrioles can be found in the centrosome (cell’s centre).
    Function:
    - Cell division.
  26. 26CiliaStructure:
    - Whip-like, motile cellular extensions which project from the outer surfaces of certain cells.
    Function:
    - Movement of substances across the surface of cells.
    - E.g. cilia lining the respiratory tract which move mucus out of the lungs.
    - E.g. cilia in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system which moves the egg
    from the ovary to the uterus.
    - Cilia beat in an organised motion and move material across cell surface. This is important in areas such as the
    trachea where they whip up mucous with trapped particles to prevent them entering lower respiratory system.
  27. 27FlagellaStructure:
    - Similar to cilia but longer.
    - Found in humans on sperm cells only (one flagellum per sperm).
    - Unlike cilia which move substances across the cell surface, flagella move the actual cell
    itself.
    Function:
    - Motility.
  28. 28MicrovilliStructure:
    - Extensions of the plasma membrane.
    - Each cell has many microvilli usually.
    - 1/10-1/20 size of cilia, hence micro.
    - Non-motile.
    Function:
    - Increases the cell’s surface area.
    - E.g. absorptive cells of intestine or kidney tubules.
  29. 29Histology- study tissues (cells and organs) to understand anatomy, structure and function.
    - Histological specimens = thin slices of tissues stained and viewed under high magnification.
  30. 30Preparation of Tissue/Histological specimen- 1. Removal of tissue from the body via a biopsy or autopsy.
    - 2. Fixation of tissue – process of placing the tissue in a mixture of chemicals to stop the metabolic and chemical reactions from taking place; preserves the cells and surrounding components; chemicals used known as fixatives (e.g. formalin).
    - 3. Embedding of the tissue – tissue infiltrated with a wax and allowed to set so it becomes hard.
    - 4. Slicing of tissue and mounting of tissue on a slide.
    - 5. Staining and viewing under a microscope.
  31. 31Haemotoxylin and Eosin- Abbreviated to H & E.
    - Stain which allow us to visualise the tissue.
    - Haematoxylin stains the cell nucleus (DNA) dark purple and eosin stains cytoplasmic cell components pink.
  32. 32Points to Consider When Viewing Histological Images1. The plane the tissue has been cut in.
    2. The magnification of the image.
  33. 33Tissue- A tissue is a group of similar cells and the extracellular materials surrounding them.
    - There are four primary tissue types found in the human body,
    - Organs are made up of the four primary tissues.
  34. 34Primary tissues- All organs in the body contain all four primary tissue types:
    - Epithelial tissue -> covers
    - Connective tissue -> supports
    - Muscle tissue -> movement
    - Nervous tissue -> control
  35. 35Epithelial tissueknown as epithelium
  36. 36Characteristics of Epithelial tissue- Contains lots of cells with very little extracellular matrix.
    - Covers and protects body surfaces: covering (e.g. epidermis of skin) and lining (e.g. of cavities of digestive system) epithelium.
    - Glandular epithelium (e.g. sweat glands).
    Distinct cell surfaces:
    - Free surface (not attached).
    - Lateral surface (side surface).
    - Basal surface which sits on basement membrane – thin, supportive sheet secreted by the epithelial tissue that sit on top of it; is a support base/anchoring layer for epithelial cells, also forms part of the epithelial barrier.
    - Avascular (doesn’t have a blood supply – receives blood from underlying connective tissue) but innervated (has a nerve supply).
    - Ability to regenerate.
  37. 37Functions of Epithelial tissue- Protects underlying structures; e.g. the outer layer of skin.
    - Acts as a barrier; prevents many substances from moving through it; e.g. skin acts as a barrier to water.
    - Permits the passage of substances; e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and blood by diffusion through the epithelium in the lungs.
    - Secretes substances; mucous, sweat glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas are all composed of epithelial cells that secrete their products onto surfaces or into ducts that carry them to other areas of the body.
    - Absorbs substances; the plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins, which regulate the absorption of materials.

Information

Description
Medicine Flashcards on Humb Week 2 , created by Nouvelle T on 08/02/2024.
Created by
Nouvelle T · Feb 2024
Updated
Feb 9, 2024
Views
0
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?