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Flashcards

Epistemology

Emily Watt Philosophy A level English 61 cards

Cards in this deck (61)

  1. 1What is Epistemology?The study of knowledge
  2. 2What are the different branches of Epistemology?Virtue Epistemology
    Social Epistemology
    Moral Epistemology
  3. 3What is sense knowledge?When we learn about and interact with the world with our senses
  4. 4What do Philosopher's call a baby's brain?A tabula rasa. The idea of a blank sheet going through life and gaining knowledge, ideas, opinions and prejudices
  5. 5What is Ability Knowledge?Someone learning how to do something, like riding a bike or playing a musical instrument
  6. 6What is Acquaintance Knowledge?A form of knowledge that you learn for yourself, without help from an another person, news item, book, film etc.
  7. 7Who was Bertrand Russell (1872 - 1970)An English philosopher, writer, historian, mathematician, social critic and logician
  8. 8Where did the concept of acquaintance knowledge arise from?Russell Bertrand's work in his article, “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description” (1910), and also in chapter five of his book, The Problems of Philosophy (1912).
  9. 9In order to know that something is knowledge, it has to be a justified true belief. What four things we have to know to answer this?1. What are the conditions of that knowledge?
    2. What are the sources of that knowledge?
    3. What is the structure of the knowledge?
    4. What are the limits of the knowledge?
  10. 10What does justification mean?That knowledge cannot be down to luck, it has to be certain.
  11. 11What is objective probability?Objective probability refers to the chances or the odds that an event will occur based on the analysis of concrete measures rather than hunches or guesswork.
  12. 12What is a lemma?Something that you introduce into an argument in order to help you make your argument.
  13. 13What was Descartes' "Cartesian doubt" method?1. accepting only information you know to be true
    2. breaking down these truths into smaller units
    3. solving the simple problems first
    4. making complete lists of further problems
  14. 14What is a reliable act of cognition?When you remember or perceive something.
  15. 15What are the two broad categories of virtue epistemology?Reliabilist virtue epistemology
    Responsibilist virtue epistemology
  16. 16What does Reliabilist virtue epistemology look at?The virtues of cognitive abilities, such as memory; perception or rationality.
  17. 17What does Responsibilist virtue epistemology look at?Intellectual qualities, such as dedication to the truth, being unprejudiced and having intellectual honesty. It is more centred on the qualities of being a virtuous (not used in a moral sense) knower, rather than on the definition of knowledge.
  18. 18What is the Meno problem?The issue of why knowledge is considered more important than true belief
  19. 19Where does the term 'Meno problem' come from?Plato
  20. 20What does the term pre-reflective refer to?An awareness we have before we do any reflecting on our experience
  21. 21What did Linda Zagzebski say about being a self-conscious being?That they are both conscious of the world and conscious of itself being conscious of the world.
  22. 22What does the term veridical mean?Truthful or accurate, especially in relation to perceptions, dreams or premonitions that are confirmed by susbsquent observations.
  23. 23What are intellectual virtues?Traits that we reflectively judge make us more succesful at getting truth - or reaching epistemic ends. These traits require basic trust in our faculties, and they would not be virtuous unless our faculties were basically trustworthy.
  24. 24What is a virtuous person?Someone who has ideal character traits, and who does the right thing.
  25. 25The natural end of belief is what?Truth
  26. 26What is Linda Zagzebski mean when she refers to epistemic conscientiousness?Doing reflectively what we do unreflectively.
  27. 27What does the word 'faculty' mean?An inherent capability, power, or function. It's often used in reference to our ability to determine the truth in knowledge.
  28. 28What does the word 'desiderata' mean?Things that are wanted/ needed/ desired.
  29. 29What is reflective knowledge?Reflective true belief
  30. 30What is animal knowledge?Unreflective true belief that is credited to one's perceptual and epistemic faculties
  31. 31In Linda Zagzebski's book 'On Epistemology' she proposed a definition for knowledge, what is it?Knowledge is belief in which the believer gets to the truth because she acts in an epistemically conscientious way.
  32. 32A conscientious person has what?They have general epistemic self-trust.
  33. 33What does the phenomenon of epistemic circularity mean?That either a reflective person must have self-trust or succumb to skepticism.
  34. 34What is "easy knowledge"?It is a situation in which a person forms a true belief on the basis of simple perception or memory or testimony, and does so automatically, with no reflection. E.g. knowing someone's birthday.
  35. 35What does 'episteme' mean?Knowledge
  36. 36What does 'scientia' mean?Knowledge
  37. 37What is epistemic conscientiousness?The desire for truth brought to reflective awareness, accompained by using one's faculties as well as one can to satisfy that desire.
  38. 38Assertion meaningThat claim that a proposition is true
  39. 39Claim meaningA proposition that is asserted or affirmed to be true
  40. 40Proposition meaningA declarative statement (what is claimed to be)
  41. 41Antecedent meaningThe proposition that forms the first part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that comes after 'if'
  42. 42Consequent meaningThe proposition that forms the second part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that occurs after 'then'
  43. 43Analytic meaningA proposition that is true (or false) in virtue of the meanings of the words
  44. 44Synthetic meaningA proposition that is not analytic, but true or false depending on how the word is
  45. 45A priori meaningKnowledge of propositions that do not require (sense) experience to be known to be true or false
  46. 46A posteriori meaningKnowledge of propositions that can only be known to be true or false through sense experience
  47. 47Necessary meaningA proposition that could be either true or false, a state of affairs that may or may not hold, depending on how the world actually is
  48. 48Consistent meaningTwo or more claims are consistent if they can both be true at the same time
  49. 49Inconsistent meaningTwo claims are inconsistent if they can't both be true at the same time
  50. 50Objective meaningIndependent of what people think or feel. A claim is objectively true if its truth does not depend on people's beliefs
  51. 51Subjective meaningThat which depends upon the personal or individual, especially where it is supposed to be an arbitary expression of preference
  52. 52Tautology meaningA statement that repeats the subject in the predicate, that 'says the same thing twice' e.g. green things are green
  53. 53Dilemma meaningTwo mutually exclusive and exhaustive options (horns), both of which face significant objections
  54. 54Paradox meaningA claim or set of claims that are contradictory but present a philosophical challenge
  55. 55Prove meaningTo demonstrate that a proposition is true by giving a valid deductive argument from known or certain premises to that proposition as the conclusion
  56. 56Proof meaningThe demonstration of truth of a proposition using a valid deductive argument from known or certain premises to that proposition as its conclusion
  57. 57True meaningA proposition is true if things are as it states
  58. 58False meaningA proposition is false if things are not as it states
  59. 59Justification meaningWhat is offered as grounds for believing an assertion
  60. 60What is naive realism?An assumption of what is there without having to think about it.
  61. 61What is Ontology?The branch of metaphysics dealing with the natue of being

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A level Philosophy (Epistemology) Flashcards on Epistemology, created by Emily Watt on 08/02/2024.
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Emily Watt
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