Flashcards
Exam 2: Primates
Cards in this deck (109)
- 1species: egg laying, most primitivemonotreme
- 2species: pouches, babies finish developing in the pouchmarsupial
- 3species: babies are at advanced fetal development when bornplacental
- 4new world monkeys; flat nose, wide nostrilsplatyrrhini
- 5old world monkeys & apes; narrow nostrilscatarrhini
- 6similarity due to common ancestryhomology
- 7the process by which similarities can develop in different groups of organisms; no common ancestorhomoplasy
- 8characters that are inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestorancestral character (primitive)
- 9characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineagesderived character (modified)
- 10primates only found in madagascarlemurs
- 114 types of teeth; dietary variationheterodont
- 12night activenocturnal
- 13day activediurnal
- 14dawn/dusk activecrepuscular
- 15no activity patterncathemeral
- 16one male, multi-female social grouppolygyny
- 17one female, multi-male social grouppolyandrous
- 18multi-male, multi-female social grouppolygamous
- 19one male, one female social group (rare)monogamous
- 20origin: primates diversified in arboreal habitats (trees)arboreal hypothesis
- 21origin: primate emphasis on vision due to preying on cryptic insects in trees; primates need stereoscopic vision in complex three-dimensional environmentsvisual predation hypothesis
- 22origin: primates evolved to forage on fruits in the terminal branches of treesangiosperm coevolution hypothesis
- 23studying the relationship between what something looks like and how it worksfunctional morphology
- 24walking on all 4 limbs on the groundterrestrial quadrupedism
- 25walking on all 4 limbs in the treesarboreal quadrupedism
- 26leaping from vertical support to next vertical support; seen in strepsirrhines & tarsiersvertical clinging & leaping
- 27under-branch hanging; supporting body weight and moving primarily under branchessuspensions (hominoids)
- 28diet of fruits, leaves, and insectsomnivory
- 29fruit eating dietfrugivory
- 30leaf eating dietfolivory
- 31eye shine; found in strepsirrhinestapetum lucidem
- 32wet nose; found in strepsirrhineswet rhinarium
- 33bone around the eye forms a bar; found in strepsirrhinespost-orbital bar
- 34bone around the eye fully encases socket; found in haplorhinespost-orbital closure
- 356 procumbant teeth made up of lower incisors and canines; found in strepsirrhinestooth comb
- 36primate: wet rhinarium, laterally placed eyes, tapetum lucidem, post-orbital bar, tooth comb, unfused frontal & mandible, grooming clawstrepsirrhine
- 37primate: larger brain & body size, dry nose, post-orbital closure, fused frontal & mandible, nails onlyhaplorhine
- 38primate: nwm, broad nostrils, no ear tube, 3 premolars (2.1.3.3.), infraorder of haplorhineplatyrrhine
- 39primate: owm, narrow nostrils, ear tube, 2 premolars (2.1.2.3.), all diurnal, bilophodont molars, most show sexual dimorphism, infraorder of haplorhinecatarrhine
- 40primate: owm, large monkeys, diurnal, superfamily of catarrhinecercopithecoid
- 41primate: apes & humans, larger than monkeys, no tail, increased brain size, mobile shoulder, wrist, elbow, hip, dental formula 2.1.2.3., superfamily of catarrhinehominoid
- 42a numeric formula for the number of teeth in the mouth, by tooth typesdental formula
- 43found in strepsirrhines; the 2nd digit of the foot maintains thisgrooming claw
- 44a diet type that includes eating tree exudatesgummivory
- 45a diet type that includes a lot of insectsinsectivory
- 46differences in morphology between males and females in a single speciessexual dimorphism
- 47overlapping visual fields found in primatesstereoscopic vision
- 48tree dwelling; adapted to living in the treesarboreal
- 49arm-swinging locomotionbrachiation
- 50the evolutionary relationships of a group of organismsphylogeny
- 51a tail that acts as a kind of hand for support in trees; common in nwmprehensile tail
- 52refers to primates' thumb, in that it can touch each of the four fingertips, enabling a grasping abilityopposable
- 53a group of mammals that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snoutsprimates
- 54the classification of organisms into a system that reflects degree of relatednesstaxonomy
- 55animals distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands, and a neocortexmammal
- 56having all four feet adapted to function as hands; having opposable first digits on both the feet and the hands, used for gripping and climbingquadrumanous climbing
- 57locomotion that involves hanging or suspension of the body below or among the branches; includes brachiation, climbing, and bridging; allows larger species to distribute their weight among smaller branchessuspensory climbing
- 58living/moving around on the groundterrestrial
- 59a single being social groupsolitary
- 60social behavior: consistent over time, can overlap between groupshome range
- 61social behavior: actively defend boundary, conspecifics kept out, not applicable to all primates, costly (active calling, physical aggression)territory
- 62predator defense model: increase of group members = individual probability of death goes downdilution effect
- 63predator defense model: weakest members in the middle, strongest on the outsideselfish herd
- 64benefits of group living: displacement, shared knowledge, foraging efficiencyresource defense model
- 65female kin groups at core, female philopatry, strong female hierarchies, males disperse, commonfemale-bonded groups
- 66male kin groups at core, male philopatry, females disperse, relatively rare (found in common chimpanzees)male-bonded groups
- 67chimps: nut cracking, termite fishing, spear use, rain hats, medicinal plants gorillas, orangutans: sticks for walking and food opening capuchins: nut crackingtool use
- 68protect resources, territoriality, lethal unprovoked aggression between conspecifics (chimps & humans)aggression
- 69amicable associations between individualsaffiliative
- 70bonding between individuals, enhance group stability, altruistic & cooperative behaviors, friendshipsaffiliative behaviors
- 71behavior that benefits another individual but at some potential risk or cost to oneself; typically helping kinaltruism
- 72forming alliances, coalitions, grooming partnerships, transitory/temporary, not necessarily kincooperation
- 73older males (past dominant), partner with reproductive females (infanticide protection, alloparenting), expectation of sex in returnfriendships
- 74competition for food & mates, increased disease transmission, predatorscosts of group living
- 75loud vocalizations which indicate territory and warn away predators/potential competitorscommunication
- 76higher rank = more resources and reproductive selectiondominance hierarchy
- 77the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressuresbehavioral ecology
- 78the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environmentfission-fusion society
- 79sexual dimorphism is more common in these primate groupsmulti-male groups
- 80the tendency of an organism to stay in, or return to, its home areaphilopatry
- 81ancestors and descendants are organized by analysis of homologous charactersevolutionary systematics
- 82groups species according to shared derived characteristicscladistic taxonomy
- 83mode of evolution: gradual lineage changeanagenesis
- 84mode of evolution: branching; species diversitycladogenesis
- 85changes accumulate gradually over time; can be cladogenesis or anagenesisphyletic gradualism
- 86stasis-change-stasis; sudden burst of morphological changepunctuated equilibrium
- 87complete reproductive isolation; do not recognize each other as matesallopatric speciation
- 88partial reproductive isolation; sparrow population in US from east to west exampleparapatric speciation
- 89speciation occurs within a population with no necessary reproductive isolationsympatric speciation
- 90a reproductively isolated group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations; ernst mayr definition of speciesbiological species concept
- 91a single lineage of ancestral-descendant populations; GG simpson definition of speciesevolutionary species concept
- 92the organization of earth's history into eras, periods, and epochsgeological time scale
- 93the movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth's surfacecontinental drift
- 94paleocene mammal with grasping ability, possible nails, 3 premolars; problem: earliest primates have 4 premolarsplesiadapiforms
- 95early eocene primate with large body and climbing locomotion; possible predecessor to living strepsirrhinesadapids
- 96early eocene primate with small body and leaping locomotionomomyids
- 97stem anthropoid primates; middle eocene, raptor accumulationeosimias
- 98primates found in egyptian dig site; huge diversity; 3 main anthropoid groups: parapithecids, propliopithecids, oligopithecidsfayum primates
- 99parapithecid from oligocene of fayum; 2.1.3.3., post-orbital closure, leaping climberapidium
- 100propliopithecid from fayum oligocene (best known); 2.1.2.3., sexually dimorphic, diurnal, arboreal quadrupedaegyptopithecus
- 101late oligocene fossils, post-fayum; can typically be places into living groupsfossil platyrrhines
- 102african early miocene primates with y5 molar pattern"dental" apes
- 103late miocene primate; large incisors, shearing crests on molars, suspensory featuresoreopithecus
- 104the "golden age" of hominoids; grouped geographically (african, european, asian)miocene fossil hominoids
- 105asian miocene primate; no canine dimorphism, diet of seeds, nuts, and barksivapithecus
- 106the life history of fossilstaphonomy
- 107asian late miocene and pleistocene primate; largest primate ever, hard, fibrous diet, terrestrial; only fossils are of jaws and teethgigantopithecus
- 108prohylobates and victoriapithecus; miocene fossils; bilophodont molarsold world monkey fossils
- 109miocene owm fossil; bilophodont molars, sexually dimorphic caninesvictoriapithecus