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Flashcards

Topic 3: Computer Hardware and History

Cassie Xayaseng computer informations English 200 cards

Topic 3: Computer Hardware and History

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1—Hardware is one of many important components in the big picture of IT.Hardware is one of many important components in the big picture of IT.
  2. 2—The diagram above shows the overall structure of most computer systems. As you can see, there are four components: the CPU (or processor), memory, input/output (I/O) subsystem, and the bus.The diagram above shows the overall structure of most computer systems. As you can see, there are four components: the CPU (or processor)...
  3. 3Executes instructions and commands computer componentsCPU
  4. 4Contains peripheral devices used for input, output, and long-term storageI/O subsystem
  5. 5Stores programs being executed and data that the programs usememory
  6. 6Made of several wires, each of which allows 1 bit of current to flow over itbus
  7. 7Which of the following statements best describes the function of the CPU? A) The CPU stores data from programs while they are in use. B) The CPU consists of wires that detect if a current is present. C) The CPU is a subsystem of the I/O bus. D) The CPU processes programs.D
  8. 8Which of the following statements describes the main function of computer memory? A) Computer memory consists of long-term storage devices such as a disk drive or tape. B) Memory executes instructions for programs. C) Memory allows information to move between components. D) Computer memory facilitates the execution of programs by storing both the program and the data that is being used by a program.D
  9. 9Which of the following best describes the I/O subsystem? A) The I/O subsystem focuses on processing of information and execution of commands. B) The I/O subsystem permits information to be shared between the CPU and the bus. C) The I/O subsystem includes devices such as the printer, keyboard, and monitor. D) The I/O subsystem stores information permanently in one specific location.C
  10. 10Which of the following best describes the function of the bus component? A) The bus consists of input and output devices. B) The bus transfers information between computer components or between computers. C) The bus contains information in permanent memory that is used by the CPU. D) The bus controls all of the components in a system.B
  11. 11The ____ is a thin, flat piece of circuit board, usually green or gold, that directly or indirectly connects all other components and peripherals.motherboard
  12. 12The ___ provides the electrical power needed to make the PC operate.power supply
  13. 13The ____ is an electronic component used to store instructions, programs, data, and information for future use.hard drive
  14. 14____, like a sound card or graphics card, are plugged into expansion slots and enhance the performance of a computer.expansion cards
  15. 15The ___ or processor is the component in a computer that executes programs. It is generally shaped as a small rectangle and is usually connected near the center of the motherboard.central processing unit (CPU)
  16. 16The ____ module is attached to the motherboard and consists of electronic components that store instructions and data. It houses RAM.memory
  17. 17The ___ connections are used to connect peripheral devices such as a monitor, speakers, projector, etc. They connect peripheral devices such as the monitor or keyboard. They typically allow for some sort of plug-in or cable device to be connected to the motherboard.input/output
  18. 18The ___ ensures that the CPU does not overheat and the fan keeps the heat sink cool so it does not overheat. They are located near the CPU to keep it cool.heat sink
  19. 19—The motherboard provides connections for the internal components of the system unit.
    A top-down view of a red motherboard. There are no other components connected, so the open ports and slots can be seen. This motherboard has two memory slots, three expansion slots, and one CPU slot. The I/O panel is also visible and includes connections for a keyboard and mouse, a monitor, four USB devices, a network cable, and a sound system.    The motherboard provides connections for the internal components of the system unit. A top-down view of a red motherboard. There are no o...
  20. 20The ___ is the printed circuit board that houses the CPU, memory chips, and expansion cards in any computer.motherboard
  21. 21The ___ is used for long-term storage and is the component used to save data when the computer is turned off.hard drive
  22. 22A video card or wireless network card would be located in ___.expansion slots
  23. 23The CPU (or processor) consists of two parts:the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
  24. 24—The processor, highlighted in yellow, carries out the instructions of a computer program.The processor, highlighted in yellow, carries out the instructions of a computer program.
  25. 25The ___ controls the speed at which instructions are processed.system clock
  26. 26Indicate which of the following is an accurate statement about the CPU. A) The CPU interprets and executes programs. B) The CPU is a component within the system unit, but not on the motherboard. C) The CPU stores information. D) The higher the clock speed (GHz) of the CPU is the only factor that affects PC responsiveness.A
  27. 27Responsiveness of a PC will rely on all of the following components except: A) Number of processors B) The system clock speed C) The way electrical circuits are wired D) Amount of RAM that can store data E) Whether the CPU has a CUE
  28. 28The ___ does the actual processing of the data to output display on your screen.ALU
  29. 29The ___ retrieves the instructions and raw input data and sends that data for processing.CU
  30. 30What is the measurement unit used to identify "Clock Speed" on today's computers?GHz; stands for gigahertz and represents billions of processes per second.
  31. 31Which of the following statements best describes the role of the CPU in a computing environment? A) The CPU only sends information to various parts of the computer. B) The CPU does the actual processing of the data, from mathematical calculations and logical operations to conversion of keyboard text entry to output display on your screen. C) The two parts of the CPU do the computer’s main work of accepting data and converting it to information.C
  32. 32Short-term storage is most commonly ___.random access memory (RAM)
  33. 33The two main forms of RAM are ___.dynamic RAM (DRAM) which is typically called main memory, and static RAM (SRAM), which is cache memory and registers.
  34. 34Another form of memory is ___, which retains its contents indefinitely.read only memory (ROM)
  35. 351 bitA single 0 or 1
    Smallest unit of storage, might store 1 black-and-white pixel or 1 true/false value, usually we have to combine many bits to create anything meaningful
  36. 361 byte (B)8 bits
    We might store a number from 0 to 255 or -128 to 127, or a single character (letter of the alphabet, digit, punctuation mark)
  37. 371 word32 or 64 bit
    One pice of data such as a number or a program instruction
  38. 381 KB1024 bytes
    We might store a block of memory in this size
  39. 391 MB~1 million bytes
    A small image or a large text file, an mp3 file of a song might take between 3 and 10 MB, a 50-min TV show highly compressed might take 350 MB
  40. 401 GB~1 billion bytes
    A library of songs or images, dozens of books, a DVD requires several gigabytes of storage (4-8 GB)
  41. 411 TB~1 trillion bytes
    A library of movies
  42. 42It holds the instructions the computer needs to boot.ROM
  43. 43Information stored is lost when the the computer is turned off.RAM
  44. 44Is used to store programs.RAM and ROM
  45. 45Additional can be purchased for the computer.RAM
  46. 46Stores information as bits.RAM and ROM
  47. 47Temporary form of memory.RAM
  48. 48Is typically from 4–16 GB; access to any address takes the same amount of time to retrieve; temporarily stores data.RAM
  49. 49____ memory temporarily stores the information needed by programs to run.RAM
  50. 50The two main forms of RAM are ___.main memory and cache memory.
  51. 51____ can be read and written to.RAM
  52. 52____ is stored in the ROM chip on the motherboard.BIOS ROM
  53. 53What will store data even when the computer is turned off but may lose data and should be backed up?hard drive
  54. 54Random Access Memory (RAM) is: A) Volatile B) NonvolatileA ; RAM memory never stores data when the power is off and is designed to be the primary work area of a computer when data is being processed.
  55. 55Read-Only Memory (ROM) is: A) Volatile B) NonvolatileB ; ROM memory is a form of permanent storage for instructions that the computer needs to boot up or start.
  56. 56Hard Drive utilizes which kind of storage? A) Volatile B) NonvolatileB ; The purpose of a hard drive is to store data even when the computer is turned off. However, hard drives can develop problems involving the loss of data and should therefore be backed up.
  57. 57____ are components that are located outside the system unit, yet are connected physically or wirelessly to it.Peripheral devices
  58. 58Before data can be processed, it must somehow be entered into the computer.input
  59. 59Alternately, the information that results from the processing must be displayed or printed immediately (____) or stored for future use (____).output, storage
  60. 60Typical peripheral devices for ____ include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital/web/video camera, and microphone.input
  61. 61Typical peripheral devices for ____ include the monitor, printer or plotter, and speakers.output
  62. 62Speakers are what part of the IPSO?output
  63. 63A projector is what part of the IPSO?output
  64. 64A stylus is used in what part of the IPSO?input
  65. 65—The external components that allow peripherals to be connected to the system unit are:
    Bays - house CDs and DVDs. They are typically on the front of the system unit for easy access. .
    Slots- insert modem cards, wireless-access cards, and other PC cards (such as camera cards).
    Ports - connect additional input, output, storage, and communication devices.    The external components that allow peripherals to be connected to the system unit are: Bays - house CDs and DVDs. They are typically on t...
  66. 66Describe the difference between bays, slots, and ports.Bays are used to house removable media such as CDs or DVDs. Slots are used to insert PC cards that may not be internal to the system unit such as a wireless-access card or a modem card. Ports are used to connect additional devices used for input, output, storage or communication. Examples of devices that may connect through ports include USB flash drives, webcams, keyboards, monitors, and microphones.
  67. 67least amount of performance capabilityhandheld
  68. 68mid performance capabilitylaptop
  69. 69most performance capabilitydesktop
  70. 70A certain computer has the following components and capabilities: peripherals include an external flatscreen monitor and an optical disk drive large capacity hard drive What category of computer does it fit into?desktop
  71. 71What is the difference between a handheld and a desktop?A desktop has more external storage available.
  72. 72Which of the following statements describes key differences between the peripheral devices of a standard desktop PC computer and a smartphone? A) The desktop computer has peripherals such as keyboard and monitor built in, whereas with the smartphone the peripherals are largely external. B) The desktop is more likely to have peripheral devices built into the computer compared to the smartphone. C) The smartphone has items normally thought of as peripherals such as keyboard and monitor built in, whereas with the desktop computer the peripherals are largely external.C
  73. 73Which of the following best describes a docking station and its use? A) A docking station is required to connect a laptop or tablet to a network. B) A docking station provides additional processing speed to a laptop or tablet. C) A docking station allows a laptop or tablet to function like a desktop unit. D) A docking station allows for greater mobility when using a laptop or tablet.C
  74. 74Which of the following statements best describes differences between a desktop PC system and a notebook/laptop computer? A) Unlike a desktop computer, bays, slots, and ports on a notebook/laptop may be located on the front, side, or back of the system unit. B) The peripherals and system unit of a notebook/laptop are sold as a single unit. C) The system unit in a notebook/laptop is easily distinguished from external peripherals. D) A notebook/laptop includes a number of bays, slots, and ports, and a desktop does not.B
  75. 75What will allow the notebook or tablet peripherals to function like a desktop?docking station
  76. 76What device does not have peripherals permanently attached to the system unit?desktop
  77. 77Which input peripherals are now integrated in the laptop?Mouse, keyboard, and webcam
  78. 78Which peripheral device that was previously only an output device became both an input and output device with the advent of the tablet computer?monitor
  79. 79Although the tablet computer looks different from the desktop and laptop, it largely contains the same internal components that allow it to work. However, some of the components inside of a tablet computer may be difficult to identify because of their miniaturization. Which of the following lists is composed of components that must be part of the internal workings of the tablet computer pictured above?CPU, hard drive, memory, power source.Although the tablet computer looks different from the desktop and laptop, it largely contains the same internal components that allow it ...
  80. 80In the image above, which letter represents the motherboard?BIn the image above, which letter represents the motherboard?
  81. 81The size of these devices, such as the one seen above, in many ways makes them convenient and useful. However, the size also presents some limitations compared to larger devices. Which of the following statements is true concerning these limitations?They are too small support a large array of peripheral devices.The size of these devices, such as the one seen above, in many ways makes them convenient and useful. However, the size also presents som...
  82. 82James runs diagnostic tests on the hard drive to determine the problem. Ultimately he decides to replace the hard drive. When James disassembles the computer he notices the computer would run better with more memory. What component should James upgrade? A) The RAM module(s), which are rectangular circuit boards in slots perpendicular to the motherboard B) The CPU, which is a rectangular circuit board in a slot perpendicular to the motherboard C) The RAM module(s), which are square chips mounted to the motherboard D) The CPU, which is a square chip mounted to the motherboardA ; Upgrading the RAM will likely improve performance.
  83. 83A user comes in and says her desktop computer no longer works. James asks what’s wrong, and she says she received an error on screen involving a problem with the hard disk. This is an issue with which of the four subsystems of the computer? A) I/O subsystem B) CPU C) system bus D) memoryA ; The hard drive is a storage device, and storage is part of the input/output subsystem.
  84. 84A desktop computer won’t turn on at all and none of its status lights will activate. What’s the most likely component that failed? A) Memory B) Power supply C) CPU D) Hard driveB ; If there’s no problem with the wiring or the power socket, the power supply is the likely culprit.
  85. 85Why are laptop components difficult to upgrade? A) There are size and power limitations to the components they can use. B) They are often built with proprietary parts that are not readily available. C) They are difficult to disassemble. D) All of the above.D ; All of these are factors in why laptops are difficult to upgrade.
  86. 86A user complains to James that when she turns her computer off and back on, the work she had on the screen and the email she was writing are no longer there. Why is this happening? A) This information is stored in ROM, which is temporary storage on the CPU. B) This information is stored in RAM, volatile memory that is active only while the computer is powered. C) The hard drive is partitioned incorrectly. D) Her computer is broken and needs to be repaired.B ; This is normal behavior when a computer is turned off.
  87. 87James is asked to upgrade the Ethernet system on one of the company’s file servers. Where inside the computer chassis will he most likely find the component responsible for the Ethernet connection? A) BIOS B) Memory slots C) Expansion slots D) Expansion bays E) Main logicC ; Expansion slots allow for the installation of card-based components like this.
  88. 88The office receives a new, state-of-the-art device that includes a printer, scanner, and fax machine all in one. Through a built-in memory card slot, the device can save scanned images directly on the machine. What type of device is this? A) All three B) Storage C) Input D) OutputA ; Technically this is known as a “multifunction device” because it handles so many tasks.
  89. 89A DVD-RW drive is an optical drive that can read DVD discs as well as write data to DVD discs. This type of device is a ___.storage device ; The primary job of the DVD-RW drive is to store data.
  90. 90Which is an example of an output peripheral? A) Mouse B) Keyboard C) Smart phone D) MonitorD ; The monitor accepts output from the computer in the form of visual representation.
  91. 91At XYZ Widgets, employees are increasingly bringing their phones and tablets to the office so they can get more work done after hours and during their commute. The company also issues mobile phones to some of its users. James is receiving an increasing number of questions about whether a new worker should mainly use a desktop computer, a laptop, or a smart phone on the job. One of the users at the company is a traveling salesperson. He only spends six weeks a year in the office. The rest of the time he is on the road. What type of computing device should this user be equipped with? A) Smart phone B) Laptop computer C) Multiple devices D) Desktop computerC ; The salesperson will likely use the phone while on calls for quick access to information, then a laptop to do more in-depth work after his calls or when he’s in the office.
  92. 92How might having a smart phone help James do his job? A) He can play games while he’s bored. B) He can access corporate information from anywhere and be more reachable in case of emergency. C) He can text friends to meet up outside of work. D) He can do everything he needs to without a computer.B ; Smart phones provide voice and data services in a conveniently small form factor.
  93. 93When James boots a computer, before the operating system starts, he gets a number of messages that quickly come across the screen, about memory tests and other components. This is initially being controlled by what? A) The microcontroller B) The BIOS C) The RAMB ; The Basic Input Output System is stored in ROM, and gets a computer initialized, so that the main Operating System can run.
  94. 94A user, Sam, comes to James, asking for a RAM upgrade on his smartphone. James informs Sam that he can't perform this upgrade, and suggests other options. Why was this James' reply? A) Smartphone RAM can't be upgraded independently of the phone. B) Smartphones don't use RAM. C) Mobile RAM is very expensive.A ; Smartphones don't have many easily replaceable components.
  95. 95Which type of computer usually comes with the most integrated peripherals? A) Tablets B) Laptop C) DesktopB ; Laptops integrate many peripherals to make them more convenient and portable.
  96. 96Sam has requested a portable computer from James that comes with a point and selection device that's more accurate than a finger, but more expressive and portable than a mouse. What Sam needs is a device with a: A) Touchpad B) Laser Pointer C) StylusC ; A stylus is a pen-like pointing device that comes with some mobile devices and laptops.
  97. 97When using a computer, James realizes that many electronic circuits are analog signals, yet computers are digital machines. How are digital signals represented in analog circuits? A) Signals sent to digital chips B) High and low current C) Analog circuits have been phased outB ; The system bus turns current on and off to represent 1s and 0s.
  98. 98James is building a high-performance system and has installed the largest RAM chips and CPU available, has bought a solid state hard drive, high end video card, and plenty of cooling for the enclosure. What connects everything together and makes it work? A) The Chassis B) Monitor and keyboard C) The system busC ; System buses connect the components in a computer, and can also affect performance.
  99. 99The acronym CPU stands for: A) Control Pilot Unifier B) Control Peripheral Unit C) Central Processing UnitC ; The CPU is the core of any modern computer.
  100. 100Which of the following components represent the basic structure of the computer system? A) Motherboard, printer, memory, and fans B) CPU, memory, I/O subsystem, and bus. C) Printer, monitor, hard drive, ports D) Keyboard, microphone, disk drives, and mouseB
  101. 101Which of the four main components of a computer is described by this statement: This component executes all of the arithmetic and logic operations and is responsible for controlling (commanding) all of the components in the computer. A) Memory B) CPU C) Bus D) I/O subsystemB ; The CPU executes instructions for programs in addition to controlling all of the components in a computer.
  102. 102Which of the four main components of a computer is described by this statement: This component facilitates the flow of information / communication between components and peripheral devices. A) Central processing unit B) Bus C) I/O subsystem D) MemoryB ; The bus permits information to move between each component.
  103. 103The ____ connects or stores all of the components in a computer.motherboard
  104. 104Which of the following best describes the differences between memory and the hard drive? A) Memory carries out basic instructions that operate a computer; whereas the hard drive is a long-term storage device. B) Memory is an internal component that directly or indirectly connects computer components; whereas the hard drive is an external storage device. C) Memory stores instructions and data used by programs in the moment; whereas a hard drive stores data, programs, and files that can be accessed at a future time. D) Memory is an electronic component used to store instructions for future use; whereas a hard drive is attached to the motherboard and enables the communication between components.C ; RAM memory stores instructions and data in the moment; whereas a hard drive stores information long-term.
  105. 105The ____ is a part of the motherboard and carries out the basic instructions that operate the PC.CPU / processor
  106. 106Which of the following best describes the differences between memory slots and expansion slots? A) Expansion slots contain electronic components that can provide access to a network, for example; whereas memory slots contain electronic components that provide a connection to a peripheral device. B) Memory slots contain electronic components that store instructions and data; whereas expansion slots may hold adapter cards, video cards, or wireless network cards. C) Expansion slots provide additional electrical power needed by the PC to operate; whereas memory slots are used to install processor chips. D) Memory slots are used to install internal devices such as a hard drive; whereas expansion slots are used to install expansion cards.B ; This is an accurate description of the differences between memory slots and expansion slots.
  107. 107Which of the following best describes the purpose of expansion slots in modern computers? A) Expansion slots can be used to store programs and data. B) Expansion slots can be used to connect additional peripheral devices such as an external hard drive or monitor. C) Expansion slots allow additional processors to be connected to the motherboard. D) Expansion slots allow additional cards to be connected to the motherboard that interface with peripheral devices.D ; Expansion slots do allow for the addition of adaptor cards that provide a connection to a peripheral device.
  108. 108Power connectors are responsible for which of the following? A) Connecting the hardware components of a computer together. B) Housing and protecting the internal electronic components of the computer. C) Taking current from external wall outlets. D) Storing instructions and data used by programs in the moment.C ; Power connectors provide the power to make the PC work.
  109. 109Which of the following carries out the instructions of a computer program and is often referred to as the “chip”? A) Central Processing Unit B) System clock C) Arithmetic Logic Unit D) RAMA ; The CPU is responsible for carrying out the instructions of a computer program.
  110. 110Which of the following statements best defines the ALU? A) The ALU retrieves the instructions of a computer program and the raw data that is input. B) The ALU is responsible for storing data as it is being processed. C) The ALU controls the speed at which instructions are retrieved and processed in the computer. D) The ALU processes the raw computer data, including mathematical calculations and logical operations.D
  111. 111Which of the following statements best defines the CU? A) The CU processes the raw computer data, including mathematical calculations and logical operations. B) The CU controls the speed at which instructions are retrieved and processed in the computer. C) The CU retrieves the instructions of a computer program and the raw data that is input. D) The CU is responsible for storing data as it is being processed.C
  112. 112Which statement accurately describes memory? A) Memory requirements of operating systems require considerable ROM. B) A PC is the only type of computer that comes with memory modules installed. C) Memory is used for permanent storage. D) A computer can only run programs if it has a sufficient amount of memory.D ; This accurately describes the role of computer memory. How fast a computer can run multiple programs depends on how much memory the computer has.
  113. 113Which of the following is an example of what 1 GB would store? A) A large text file B) An mp3 file of a song C) A library of movies D) Thousands of booksD ; Thousands of books (without pictures) may take 1 GB of storage.
  114. 114The following statements accurately describes RAM except: A) With RAM, access to any address should take the same amount of time no matter which address is sent. B) RAM runs tests of memory and the CPU, and initializes hardware components. C) RAM stands for “random access memory”. D) RAM temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printerB
  115. 115Which of the following statements accurately describes random access memory (RAM)? A) RAM can be read but not written to. B) RAM is found in the ROM chip on the motherboard. C) RAM is storage for instructions that the computer needs to boot up. D) RAM is short-term memory.D
  116. 116Which of the following statements accurately describes read only memory (ROM)? A) ROM is short-term memory. B) ROM is volatile. C) ROM can be read and written to. D) ROM is long-term memory.D
  117. 117Which is found on the motherboard and stores information but the information is not permanent? A) Bus B) ROM C) CPU D) RAMD ; RAM is found on the motherboard and stores information but that information disappears when the computer is turned off.
  118. 118All of the following are storage systems except: A) Flash drive B) CD C) Printer D) External hard driveC
  119. 119All of the following are input systems except: A) Keyboard B) Speaker C) Webcam D) ScannerB
  120. 120Read/write disks, thumb drives, external hard drives, and cloud storage are peripheral devices for what system? A) Storage B) I/OA
  121. 121A scanner is a peripheral device for what system? A) Storage B) I/OB
  122. 122A monitor is a peripheral device for what system? A) Storage B) I/OB
  123. 123What peripheral component houses CDs and DVD? A) Slots B) Ports C) Bays D) Hard drivesC
  124. 124What external component will allow peripherals to be connected to the system unit and insert modem cards, wireless-access cards, and other PC cards? A) Hard drives B) Slots C) Ports D BaysB
  125. 125What external component will allow peripherals to be connected to the system unit and connect additional input, output, storage, and communication devices? A) Slots B) Ports C) Hard drives D) BaysB
  126. 126Which computer has a system unit that is easily distinguished from the peripherals? A) Desktop B) Laptop C) Handheld D) SmartphoneA
  127. 127Which of the following computers can use a docking station or port replicator to function like a desktop? (check all that apply) A) Notebook B) Smartphone C) Tablet D) HandheldA , C
  128. 128Which computer has the most performance capability? A) Laptop B) Handheld C) Smartphone D) DesktopD
  129. 129T/F : First generation computers were relatively inexpensive compared to today’s computers.F ; Even without accounting for inflation, first generation computers were far more expensive than today’s computers.
  130. 130T/F : First generation computers were less reliable than today’s computers.T ; Between the relatively short shelf life of vacuum tubes and the difficulty of programming by physically connecting separate pieces of hardware, first generation computers had high failure rates.
  131. 131T/F : First generation computers used vacuum tubes for storage.T ; The use of vacuum tubes for storage was a defining characteristic of first generation computers.
  132. 132T/F : The development of first generation computers was quickened by World War I.F ; First generation computers were created by both sides an effort to gain the advantage in World War II.
  133. 133Which of the following was NOT a cause of the first generation of computers being unreliable? A) Inexpensive materials B) Vacuum tubes C) Programming difficulties related to connecting cables togetherA ; Materials for first generation computers were expensive, but the price did not affect the reliability of the machines.
  134. 134At the time of its creation, which of the following characteristics was unique to ENIAC? A) ENIAC used vacuum tubes for storage. B) ENIAC was an analog computer. C) ENIAC performed decimal calculations. D) ENIAC used cables to connect components and run programs.C
  135. 135Which of the following statements is NOT accurate in describing the distinctions between first and second generation computers? A) The transistors used in the second generation computers were cheaper and lasted longer than the vacuum tubes of the first generation computers. B) Computers became smaller in size. C) In the second generation computers, memory was stored using a system composed of wires and magnetic cores. D) Transistors emitted more heat than vacuum tubes so a new type of material had to be used for the computer housing.D ; Heat emission was an issue associated with vacuum tubes that was alleviated by the shift to transistors in second generation computers.
  136. 136The two new pieces of hardware that symbolized the second generation computers included the ____ and ____.magnetic core memory and transistor
    A huge advantage of using transistors over vacuum tubes was that they could be mass produced. ; Magnetic core memory is made up of small iron rings of metal, placed in a wire-mesh framework.
  137. 137Which of the following statements is NOT a major development associated with the second generation of computers? A) Reduced physical size B) Computers became available for home use C) Larger main memory capacities D) External storage began shifting from tapes to disk drivesB ; Second generation computers were still expensive and required expert knowledge to use.
  138. 138Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Certain computer programs could only be used on certain types of computers.No ; When manufacturers began focusing on creating families of computers with similar hardware and instruction sets, programs could be written for one computer and easily used on all other computers in the same family.
  139. 139Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Silicon chips replaced transistor.Yes ; Silicon chips could replace transistor and interfaced faster with the magnetic memory cores.
  140. 140Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Integrated circuit boards could now be used for both computation and memory.Yes ; These new chips were able to combine both transistors and memory into a much smaller form factor than was previously possible in the second generation.
  141. 141Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Even smaller businesses could now afford a “mini” version of a mainframe computer.Yes ; Like the transition from the first to the second generation, the switch from the second to the third generation was marked by the adoption of a new technology (integrated circuits) that was both smaller and more cost effective than previous technologies.
  142. 142Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. The software development fieldYes ; Computer families made it possible to write programs for multiple computers, so selling software became more viable.
  143. 143Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. Computers in the homeNo ; Computers were not yet being used in the home at this time.
  144. 144Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. Computer networksYes ; The need to connect dumb terminals to the organization’s main computer led to the rise of computer networking.
  145. 145Which of the following had an effect on the reduction in size of computers from the 3rd to the 4th generation of computers? A) monitor B) integrated circuits C) keyboard D) transistorsB ; Integrated circuits replaced transistors and magnetic core memories because they took up less space and resulted in faster computers.
  146. 146First Generation (1940's - 1950's)- A computer built with vacuum tubes.
    - Advancement hastened by WW2.
    - The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is developed.
    - A computer that require programming in machine language.
  147. 147Second Generation (1959 - 1965)- First mainframe computers.
    - Computers first used magnetic core memory.
    - A computer built with transistors.
    - First computer to use Boolean operators.
  148. 148Third Generation (1965 - 1974)- Computer networks are introduced.
    - Integrated circuits are fist used for computation and storage.
    - Minicomputers are available for as little as $16,000.
    - The first silicon chips are used in computers.
  149. 149Fourth Generation (1974 - today)- Graphic user interfaces (GUIs) are introduced.
    - IBM makes a single-chip processor.
    - The Mark 8, the first personal computer, appears.
  150. 150Which of the following statements is true of fourth generation computers? A) Graphical interfaces and a variety of new software increased computer usage. B) Early microcomputers provided vast computing capabilities. C) Transistor miniaturization occurred at a linear rate. D) The Mark 8 was more widely used than the Apple I.A ; These developments allowed people with no real background in computers to use them with relative ease.
  151. 151____ one of the founders of Intel, who first noticed this rapidly increasing “transistor count” phenomenon.Gordon Moore
  152. 152In a 1965 paper, Moore observed that the trend from 1958 to 1965 was that the number of transistors on a chip was doubling every year. This phenomenon has been dubbed “____.” Moore predicted that this trend would continue for at least 10 more years.Moore's law
  153. 153—This graph plots the transistor counts for various Intel chips over the years, illustrating Moore’s law.This graph plots the transistor counts for various Intel chips over the years, illustrating Moore’s law.
  154. 154Place the different computer storage types in order from the earliest device to the newest.1. punch cards
    2. magnetic tape
    3. hard disks
    4. floppy disks
  155. 155T/F : Moore’s law states that the number of transistors on a chip increases in a linear fashion.F ; The number of transistors doubles over each time period, indicating an exponential increase.
  156. 156T/F : Moore’s law is a concrete, indisputable law.F ; Moore’s law is considered to be an observation that may or may not hold true in the coming years.
  157. 157T/F : Gordon Moore’s original prediction that transistors on a chip will double every year has proven to be inaccurate.T ; In reality, transistors on a chip have doubled roughly every 18 to 24 months.
  158. 158T/F : It is widely believed that Moore’s law will hold for at least several more decades.F ; The general consensus among engineers is that Moore’s law will only hold for a few more years.
  159. 159T/F : The same engineer builds, maintains, and programs the computer.T ; Early programs were written for a specific machine, so the person who created the computer was also the best candidate for programming and using it.
  160. 160T/F : Machine language uses a series of short scripts for programming.F ; Machine language is the most basic set of instructions that a computer can execute directly.
  161. 161T/F : Cable is used to link computational circuits and memoryT ; Before integrated circuits, which combined computation and memory onto a single chip, these two elements were separate and physically linked by cables.
  162. 162T/F : Because of the difficulties of using vacuum tubes, the computer systems required a complex operating system.F ; First-generation computers could only run a single program at a time after being programmed.
  163. 163T/F : A translator still requires detailed, basic instructions.T ; Translators work with assembly language, which must provide enough detail for machine language instructions to be properly executed.
  164. 164T/F : A translator would translate source code to a more useable machine language.T ; Translators take in source code and convert it to another form.
  165. 165T/F : Source code is another term for a language translator programF ; Source code by itself cannot be read by a computer.
  166. 166T/F : A translator can translate machine language code for export to another program.F ; The only function of a translator is to translate one programming language directly into another without changing how the program functions.
  167. 167The improved class of language translator was known as a ____, and the languages were called ____.compiler ; high-level languages
  168. 168The first of these language translators was made for a language called ____. The idea behind it was that the programmer would largely specify mathematical formulas using algebraic notation, along with input, output, and control statements.FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
  169. 169Select the type of programming that best matches each code example. Jeremy is building a small electronic toy bug in his home garage. He wants to program the toy bug to walk forward and backward when the switch is turned on directly through the internal chip in the toy by adjusting the electrical currents on the chip.Machine Language Programming
  170. 170Elena is tired of programming her homemade robots through typing long strings of 1s and 0s. So, she creates a program that translates commands she can type in for her robots such as Stop, Go, and Turn, into strings of 0s and 1s.Assembly Language Programming
  171. 171Jessica works for a company that builds training simulations for fire fighters. To build each training scenario, Jessica programs the behavior of the virtual fire fighter agents in the scenario using a language developed for the simulator. She can program the virtual fire fighter agents to enter the building, search for building occupants, and perform other common tasks based on simulated conditions.High-level Language Programming
  172. 1720000 1001 0110 0100 1101 1111 1010 0011Machine Language Programming ; This is an example of binary machine language programming. It consists of 0’s and 1’s.
  173. 173Move.1 #$2000030c, d0 ; Initialize DACR0Assembly Language Programming ; This is an example of this type of programming language. It is cryptic and uses mnemonics; however, programmers can decipher elements of the code.
  174. 174Function get_all_factors(number)High-level Programming ; High-level language programming uses more English words and mathematical notations that are more understandable.
  175. 175Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early operating systems? A) They used graphical interfaces. B) They required knowledge of relatively complex text commands. C) They could handle multiple user requests at a time. D) They had user protection and network security capabilities.A ; Early operating systems were text-based.
  176. 176—An illustration of how child classes inherit basic attributes from a parent class.An illustration of how child classes inherit basic attributes from a parent class.
  177. 177Select the programming innovation that would best address the needs expressed in the scenarios below. Matthew was an early pioneer in computer art. He enjoyed how he could define shapes mathematically and have the computer produce beautiful geometric designs. However, it became very cumbersome to have to express each line and angle as an equation. Matthew sometimes wished he could just take a pencil and add in details, but instead he had to type in the mathematical equations.Graphic User Interface ; A graphical user interface provides real-time visual feedback necessary for an artist to fine tune their creations.
  178. 178Lisa is a professional programmer tasked with updating proprietary accounting software used by a small accounting firm. Part of the problem with the current software is that some of the program rules have become outdated due to changes in tax laws. Lisa is frustrated because she is having a difficult time following the GOTO statements in the code and removing each of the antiquated rules.Structured Programming ; A change to a structured language such as C or Pascal would eliminate the confusing GOTO statements and make the code easier to read.
  179. 179Alex works for a small company that makes games for mobile devices. The game that he is currently working on, Super Ninja Surprise, has many levels and many different bad guys that the player must avoid. Although the bad guys change slightly from level to level, they are very similar throughout the game. Alex is getting tired of programming each bad guy in each level separately. He wishes he could just call up the bad guy code and modify it slightly for each level instead of having to code it separately each time.Object-Oriented Programming ; By creating a single enemy object, all of the bad guys in the game could inherit certain properties from this single object while still allowing for Alex to add individual behaviors as desired.
  180. 180Indicate whether each of the following is (yes) or is not (no) a result of the creation of the object-oriented programming model. Creation of windowed operating systemsYes ; The windowed operating system was also about to help enhance their research.
  181. 181Easier real-world object modeling in programming codeYes ; OOP allows programmers to think of program entities as real-world objects rather than a series of individual variables.
  182. 182Elimination of GOTO statements.No ; GOTO statements were already considered obsolete by the introduction of structured programming.
  183. 183The application of inheritance in program codeYes ; This practice allows a program to easily create a specific object based on a more generic object with several of the same properties.
  184. 184Lessons learned by programmers in the 1960s led to a new revolution in the 1970s known as ____. Statements known as GOTOs were used in a large number of early languages. The GOTO statement allowed the programmer to transfer control from any location in a program to anywhere else in the program.structured programming
  185. 185For a programmer, this freedom could be a wonderful thing—until you had to understand the program to modify it or fix errors. The reason is that the GOTO statement creates what is now called ____. If you were to trace through a program, you would follow the instructions in sequential order. However, with the use of GOTO statements, suddenly after any instruction, you might have to move to another location in the program. Tracing through the program begins to look like a pile of spaghetti.spaghetti code
  186. 186The variables would describe attributes of the object. For the car, for instance, variables might include age, gas mileage, type of car, number of miles, and current Blue Book value. A better modeling approach was to define classes of entities called ____.objects
  187. 187Through a technique called ____, a programmer is able to take a previous class and generate a more specific class out of it. This provides a degree of code reuse in that programmers could use other programmers’ classes without having to reinvent the code themselves.inheritance
  188. 188A type of programming where classes of entities were defined that could interact with each other and different entities (also known as objects).Object-oriented programming (OOP)
  189. 189The programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if else statementsstructured programming
  190. 190InterpreterRelies on a session ; Allows you to test out an idea
    Because interpreted languages are executed as they’re written, it is much easier to see how a snippet of code will change the functionality of the program. ; Code within a session is interpreted and executed as it is written.
  191. 191CompilerRequires that the components of the software all be defined from the outset ; The code is more efficient
    All components must be written before being compiled and run. ; Since the program must be written in its entirety before being compiled, the code tends to be more efficient.
  192. 192T/F : An interpreted environment is well-suited for the needs of an IT administrator.T ; Code efficiency is not a major concern for the short scripts IT administrators write.
  193. 193T/F : Development and testing in an interpreted environment is less effective than a compiled language.F ; It is easier to make changes and see their results with an interpreted language.
  194. 194T/F: Programs written in an interpreted language must be written completely before they can be run.F ; Interpreted languages allow for programs to be written and run in small pieces.
  195. 195today’s modern desktop computer vs. 1st generation computersBoth use the binary system for programming ; The 1st generation computers used machine-language programming only ; 1st generation computers used vacuum tubes while modern computers use transistors. ; 1st generation computers did not use chips, they used vacuum tubes. ; Both can be programmed.
  196. 196today’s laptop computer vs. 2nd generation computersWhile 2nd generation computers could be programmed easier than the 1st generation they were not using high level programming languages. ; Both used transistors vs. vacuum tubes for processing. ; The silicon chip was not used in 2nd generation computers. ; Operating systems were not introduced until after 2nd generation.
  197. 197today’s tablet computer vs. 3rd generation computersBoth use the silicon chip. ; Both use operating systems. ; Both use the binary system. ; Beginning with the 3rd generation computer transistors were combined onto a single silicon chip.
  198. 198all generations of computersAll generation of computers have the ability to be programmed. ; All generation of computers have a data storage system.
    Some 4th generation computers do not use input and output peripherals. ; The silicon chip is needed for integrated circuits. It was not developed until the 3rd generation. ; The 1st generation of computers did not need an operating system.
  199. 199At family get-togethers, James’ family often quizzes one another on computing history. His aunt asked him this one last Christmas: Which of the following statements is true? A) First-generation computers had an primitive GUI. B) The term “bug” actually came from literal insects in early computers C) First-generation computer programs were removable hardware circuit boardsB ; Actual moths would cause problems with relays in early computers.
  200. 200James discovers an old computer in the back of the server room. While it no longer functions, it includes large reels of tape that are mounted to a machine the size of a bookcase. What kind of computer does this device belong to? A) desktop B) Desktop C) Dumb terminal D) MainframeD ; Reel-to-reel storage was a common feature of mainframe computers in the 1960s and 1970s.

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computer informations Flashcards on Topic 3: Computer Hardware and History, created by Cassie Xayaseng on 24/04/2024.
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