Flashcards
Developmental Psych Chapter 6
Cards in this deck (50)
- 1Piaget’s word for the basic actions of knowing, including both physical actions (sensorimotor schemes, such as looking or reaching) and mental actions (such as classifying, comparing, and reversing). An experience is assimilated into a scheme, and the scheme is created or modified through accommodation.scheme
- 2The process of deriving generalizable schemes from specific experiences.organzation
- 3Mental representations of the basic properties of objects in the worldfigurative schemes
- 4Mental representations of the logical connections among objects in the world.operative schemes
- 5The processes through which schemes change.adaption
- 6That part of the adaptation process proposed by Piaget that involves absorbing new experiences or information into existing schemes. Experience is not taken in “as is,” however, but is modified (or interpreted) somewhat so as to fit the preexisting schemes.assimilation
- 7That part of the adaptation process proposed by Piaget by which a person modifies existing schemes as a result of new experiences or creates new schemes when old ones no longer handle the data.accommodation
- 8The third part of the adaptation process proposed by Piaget, involving a periodic restructuring of schemes to create a balance between assimilation and accommodation.equilibration
- 9Term used by Piaget for complex, internal, abstract scheme, first seen at about age 6.operation
- 10Piaget’s term for the first major stage of cognitive development, from birth to about 24 months, when the child uses sensory and motor skills to act on the environment.sensorimotor stage
- 11Piaget’s term for the second major stage of cognitive development, from about 24 months to about age 6, marked by the ability to use symbolspreoperational stage
- 12Piaget’s term for the stage of development between ages 6 and 12, during which children become able to think logically.concrete operations stage
- 13Piaget’s name for the fourth and final major stage of cognitive development, occurring during adolescence, when the child becomes able to manipulate and organize ideas or hypothetical situations as well as objects.formal operations stage
- 14The many simple repetitive actions seen in substage 2 of the sensorimotor stages each organized around the infant’s own body; the baby repeats some action in order to have some desired outcome occur again, such as putting his thumb in his mouth to repeat the good feeling of sucking.primary circular reactions
- 15Repetitive actions in substage 3 of the sensorimotor period that are oriented around external objects; the baby is now repeating some action in order to trigger a reaction outside his own body, such as hitting a mobile repeatedly so that it moves.secondary circular reactions
- 16The deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions, characteristic of substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, according to Piaget.tertiary circular reactions
- 17The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly perceived.object permanence
- 18A cognitive state in which the individual (typically a child) sees the world only from his own perspective, without awareness that there are other perspectives.egocentrism
- 19The understanding that the quantity or amount of a substance remains the same even when there are external changes in its shape or arrangement.conservation
- 20The young child’s tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time.centration
- 21Thinking that takes multiple variables into account.decentration
- 22The understanding that another person might have a false belief and the ability to determine what information might cause the false belief.false belief principle
- 23Ideas that collectively explain other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior.theory of mind
- 24A theory of cognitive development that assumes that Piaget’s basic ideas are correct but that uses concepts from information-processing theory to explain children’s movement from one stage to the next.neo-Piagetian theory
- 25A neo-Piagetian term for working memory capacity.short-term storage space (STSS)
- 26A neo-Piagetian term for the number of schemes an individual can place into working memory at one time.operational efficiency
- 27One of the most critical of the operations Piaget identified as part of the concrete operations period: the understanding that actions and mental operations can be reversed.reversibility
- 28The principle that subordinate classes of objects are included in superordinate classes.class inclusion
- 29Reasoning from the particular to the general, from experience to broad rules, characteristic of concrete operational thinking.inductive logic
- 30Reasoning from the general to the particular, from a rule to an expected instance or from a theory to a hypothesis, characteristic of formal operational thinking.deductive logic
- 31Piaget’s term for school-aged children’s inconsistent performance on concrete operations tasks.horizontal decalage
- 32The number of elements in a problem and the complexity of the relationships among the elementsrelational complexity
- 33The ability to make inferences about logical relationships in an ordered set of stimulitransitivity
- 34The ability to use a rule to put an array of objects in order.seriation
- 35This developmental stage is typically defined as the period during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts.formal operations
- 36A more sophisticated kind of reasoning that involves using deductive logic, considering hypotheses or hypothetical premises, and then deriving logical outcomes.hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- 37The belief that one’s thoughts, beliefs, and feelings are uniqueadolescent egocentrism
- 38The belief that the events of one’s life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiographypersonal fable
- 39An internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived from a teenager’s peer groupimaginary audience
- 40The ability to keep track of where a piece of information originatedsource monitoring skills
- 41The ability to recall information from long-term memory without effortautomaticity
- 42Ways of manipulating Information that increase the chances that it will be rememberedmemory strategies
- 43A pattern whereby an individual can use some mental strategy if reminded to do so but fails to use the strategy spontaneouslyproduction deficiency
- 44Using some specific mental strategy without deriving benefit from itutilization deficiency
- 45Knowledge about one’s own memory processesmetamemory
- 46General and rather loosely used term describing knowledge of one’s own thinking processes: knowing what one knows, and how one learns.metacognition
- 47Cognitive skills that allow a person to devise and carry out alternative strategies for remembering and solving problems.executive processes
- 48The ability to control responses to stimuli.response inhibition
- 49A set of powerful, abstract schemes that are critical building blocks of logical thinking, providing internal rules about objects and their relationshipsconcrete operations
- 50A somewhat more sophisticated rule in which the child starts with the larger number and then adds the smaller one by countingmin strategy