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Flashcards by mariam_abiola, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by mariam_abiola
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Treaty of Versailles and The BIG 3 | and-- -responsible for Germanie loss of 72,5000km2 of land (6-7 million people)to its neighbours--> -Alsace-Lorraine=France -Rhineland demilitarised -Eupen and Malmedy= Belgium -North Schleswig= Denmark -West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia= Poland -Danzig=made a free country -The Saar=The league for 15yrs they lost 13.5% of land and 12..5% of their population Arms-- -limited to 100,000 men -conscription was not allowed, no tanks, no submarines, no military aircraft, 6 battle ships -no troops in Rhineland War Guilt Clause-- -they were the cause of the war -reparations of £6.6billion set in 1921,given 42 years to pay it back, but in 1930's they no longer had to pay it thanks to the Young Plan. -Government who signed the treaty= November criminals |
| continued* | the big 3 were: Clemenseau(France), Lloyd George(Britain) and Woodrow Wilson(USA). Clemenceau wanted revenge on Germany for the damage the war caused on French soil. His min aim was to get security for france, by preventing another attack on its frontiers.. to do this he had to disarm Germany, regain Alsace-Lorraine and make Germany pay the cost of Damage for the war. Lloyd George's aims were to preserve the supremacy of the British navy, but he didn't want a treaty tha was too harsh on Germany. He was afraid if Germany was punished too hard that they may turn to communism. he also wanted Germany's economy to improve so that Britain could continue trade with them. Woodrow Wilson had moderate views on Germany's punishment for the war. he believed that lasting peace wasn't possible without the introduction o new standards to public life |
| League of Nations Their Aim and Structure | Membership-- -aim was to join countries together to prevent war. -The league was weak because the USA didn't join or even sign the treaty of Versailles; Germany and Austria weren't allowed to join so called it the league of victors; Russia wasn't asked to join; it had only 42 members when it first started. Covenant--- -all members had to agree to 26 articles of the League to improve international cooperation, peace and security. -compulsory registration of all treaties to avoid secret alliances -disarmament to avoid future arms races -collective security to solve disputes. -it dealt with all the reasons people felt caused ww1 Assembly-- -each member was represented on Assembly -met once a year to discuss general topics; here they would revise treaties, and discuss the admission of new members -all decisions had to be unanimous. Council-- -consisted of five permanent members -when USA didn't join this was reduced to four (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) -aim was to solve disputes between countries using negotiation techniques. -1st-moral condemnation (shaming) |
| Aim and Structure (continued) | ... 2nd-Economic sanctions (halting trade) 3rd-military force (all countries in the league had to contribute their military force since the league didn't have its own) Court of Justice-- -15 judges chosen from the league; they set up the Hague of the Netherlands -Dealt with disputes between countries over international laws such as the terms of the treaty of Versailles. -depended on the good will of its members to enforce decisions. -its activities ended when the Netherlands was occupied by Germany in 1940 -officially closed in 1946. Weaknesses of the league-- -USA didn't join the league -Russia and Germany were stopped from joining the league -Britain and France played a leading role in the league in the 1920 -The League didn't have its own army -the secretariat had weaknesses; every member of the council had the right to veto(to reject an idea) Agencies and commissions-- -formed to deal with a variety of problems -the international Labour organisation (ILO), the Mandates commission and the minorities commission= most important. |
| Aim and Structure (continued)..2 | Secretariat-- -ensured that all administrative work of the league was carried out efficiently -consisted of a secretary General and civil servants -they prepared reports -kept recors -translated documents |
| 1920s success + Failures of League of Nations | |
| Disarmament | France feared disarmament because they were afraid of another German attack, and wanted to be ready if it were to happen again which they wouldn't be if they disarmed. they wanted a large army. Britain didn't want to reduce the size of their army, he league agreed to let Britain have the largest fleet. however, they now feared that their navy would be used by the league as enforcement. small nations were also worried about disarming, for example Poland; they were surrounded by Russia and Germany who were both violent, to give up weapons would invite invasion. small countries began to lose confidence in the league. Germany was denied the same amount of weapons as other countries so they walked out of the disarmament conference in 1931. Before 1929, Stresemann tried to be reasonable but after 1929 attitudes in Germany changed. |
| 1930's Problems | |
| Manchuria | Background-- Early 1930's Japan claims that they had several reasons to invade Manchuria: -They thought it would ease their over population problem -they were still suffering the effects of economic depression after the wall street crash(October 1929). -exports fell by 50% causing poverty and unemployment around Japan Events-- -China was in a weak state due to a civil war that split the country into two, the Chinese nationalist and the communist -Mukden Incident-1932, rogue Japanese soldiers accused Chinese soldiers of creating an explosion on a railway in Mukden which they both shared the rights to. this gave Japan a reason to invade. -They fought for total control over Manchuria until it was given to them in 1933 -Manchuria=Manchukuo -Pu Yi= puppet emperor of Manchukuo LofN's actions-- China asked the league for help: the league set up the Lytton commission whom after a year found that China's rule was chaotic yet still condemned the Japanese invasion. No effect on Japan who left the league and invaded Jehol, another Chinese province, in 1934. |
| Abyssinia | Background-- Mussolini, an Italian Dictator, learnt from the Manchurian crisis that agression paid of without consequences from the league. 1934=Mussolini invaded Abyssinia Claimed several reasons for invasion: -fought Italy was given "crumbs" in 1915 peace treaty -Wanted to remain the main dictator in Europe, not Hitler. Events-- -1934=Italy provoked an attack on Abyssinia at Wal Wal, on the boarder of Italian Somaliland. -Used it as an excuse for war. -Invaded Abyssinia in 1935 LofN's actions-- -league offered to Arbitrate the dispute in 1934- Italians refused -1935, Haile Selassie asked the league for help: -imposed economic santions(with no effect as they continuedto trate with USA and Gemrany who were not in the league) -Hoare Laval pact-give Italy large parts of Abyssinia but this was abandoned. -Threatened an oil embargo-by then Italy had already conquered Abyssinia Consequences-- -People lost faith in he league -Countries began to re-arm |
| Hitler's aims | Hitler wrote most of his aims in the Mein Kampf while in prison in 1924, his 3 main aims were: -to make Germany a great power by destroying the treaty that made Germany weak -to have all German speaking people under his rule -to gain lebensraum for Germans -to do this he had to destroy the treaty and condemn the politicians who signed it. this gave hi more support In Germany. -when he came to power, reparations were reduced and then finally cancelled in 1932. |
| Hitler's foreign policy - rearming to Poland | since the rest of the treaty remained Hitler: -took land where Germany people lived that had been taken from Germany in the treaty (The Saar and Danzig) -Bring the 7,000,000 German speaking people in Austria, the 4,000,000 in Czechoslovakia and Poland into the empire-this destroyed the 1919 'peace' settlement. -Bring up the German army to support by force and to prove that Germany was a great power- future aim The first thing they had to do as strengthen their land in Europe Hitler thought his main enemies ere France and the USSR, so he wanted a friendship with Italy and Britain against them. Rearmament-- -Germany joined the league in 1926 -The league wanted to maintain peace by reducing the arms of all countries -this occurred until 1932 when the disarmament conference began in which Germany was invited to attend. France didn't want to disarm in fear of a German attack. -Hitler said he would disarm if other countries did so as well but they wouldn't so Germany left the conference in 1933 and began to rearm. -conscription introduced in Germany=1935 -Germany's excuse for this was... |
| foreign policy (continued) | that France did the same thing by increasing the number of their trained soldiers. the Stresa front was created to protest against the introduction of conscription in Germany Soviet Russia as afraid of a strong Germany so joined the league. 10 year non-aggression pact-- -signed by Hitler and Poland in 1934 -agreed the boundaries of Poland -Satisfied the Poles that Hitler wouldn't try to take back the Polish corridor. -Pleased Britain who saw that Hitler's arms were peaceful -Germany had accepted the frontier with Poland Failed Anschluss-- -1934 -Hitler's aims were set back -He encouraged the Austrlian Nazi party to rebel- resulted in the murder of the Austrian Chancellor (Dollfuss) -The Anschluss was Hitler wanting to reunite Germany and Austria -Mussolini prevented it by moving his army to the frontier of Austria ad guaranteed Austrian independence. -Hitler knew his army wasn't strong enough so backed down, denying involvement with the Austrian Nazi party Anglo German Naval agreement and rearmament-- -signed by Hitler in 1935 -to show Britain his peaceful intensions |
| foreign policy (continued*) | -the treaty limited Germany's navy to 35% of the strength of the British navy -no submarines -Britain agreed to Germany rearming -Weakened the Stresa front as Britain had not consulted France and Italy -Germany rearmed without opposition -1938= German army reached 800,000 Navy had 47 U-boats Air force had 2000 aircrafts. |
| Apeasement | Appeasement-To create peace -It was the name given to British foreign policy in 1919-1939. -Chamberlain wanted to get Hitler what he wanted using negotiation instead of force in order to solve the problems of Versailles. -It was risky because it depended on Hitler's aims being reasonable, and it meant having to trust Hitler and believing that he was telling the truth -After 1937, France supported appeasement because it increased security with the building of the Maginot line |
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