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03 Handout 1

Eljin Aguilar Computer Systems and Architecture easy English 56 cards

03 Handout 1

Cards in this deck (56)

  1. 1Computer hardwareis the collection of physical parts of a computer system.
  2. 2external or internal components.Computer hardware 2 category
  3. 3External componentscalled peripheral components
  4. 4Internal componentsit include items such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.
  5. 5Vacuum Tubes1st Generation
  6. 61st Generation (Vacuum Tube• The switching capability, which is translated into turning on and off a particular bit, was the main reason for the important role the vacuum tubes played in early computers.
    • It can also amplify specific signals that are used to boost specific frequencies.
    • The vacuum tube was invented in parallel to the electric bulb and used a similar concept.
  7. 7Transistors2nd Generation
  8. 82nd Generation (Transistors)• Through this generation, the transistor miniaturization process has occurred, reducing the size of transistors into smaller packages.
    • Transistors became faster, smaller, highly reliable, and significantly cheaper than vacuum tubes.
  9. 9Integrated Circuit3rd Generation
  10. 103rd Generation (Integrated Circuit)• Sometimes referred to as a “semiconductor chip,” the integrated circuit is a collection of transistors integrated and compacted into a single chip.
    • Keyboards and mice had been used as inputs.
    • See Moore’s Law for reference.
  11. 11Microprocessors4th Generation
  12. 124th Generation (Microprocessors)• Computers in this generation were characterized by a significant increase in the number of transistors integrated into a single chip and by the invention of the microprocessor.
    • The aim of inventing the new processor was to use it for the development of calculators.
  13. 13Artificial Intelligence [AI]5th Generation
  14. 145th Generation (Artificial Intelligence [AI])• VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology in this generation became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
    • This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI software.
    • AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and methods of making computers think like human beings.
  15. 15Microprocessor• It is composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors responsible for processing the unique set of instructions and processes.
    • It is designed to execute logical and computational tasks with typical operations such as arithmetic interprocess, device communication, input/output management, etc.
  16. 161. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 3. Control Unit (CU) 4. Registers 5. Main Memory 6. Clock 7. Input/Output Devices 8. Input/Output Interfaces 9. Direct Memory Access 10. BusMicroprocessor Components
  17. 17Central Processing Unit (CPU)It is responsible for accepting data from input devices, processing the data into information, and transferring the information to memory and output devices.
  18. 18Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)As the name implies, its function is to perform arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication, and logic operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.
  19. 19Control Unit (CU)Its function is to control the input and output devices, generate control signals to the other components of the computer such as read and write signals, and perform instruction execution.
  20. 20RegistersIt is the fastest memory in a computer that holds information
  21. 21Main MemoryThis device is capable of storing information temporarily.
  22. 22ClockIt refers to a microchip that regulates the timing and speed of all computer functions.
  23. 23Input/Output DevicesThese are any hardware used to communicate with a computer.
  24. 24Input/Output InterfacesThese are physical devices, ports, or connections that interact with the computer or other hardware devices.
  25. 25Direct Memory Access– It is a feature of some computer bus architectures that allows data to be sent from a storage device to memory without using the CPU.
  26. 26BusIt is a pathway of data or instruction from one (1) element to the other.
  27. 27a. Data Bus b. Address Bus c. Control Bus3 types of bus Bus
  28. 28Data BusThis bus is used to carry data to and from the memory.
  29. 29Address BusThis bus defines the number of addressable locations in a memory IC.
  30. 30Control BusThis bus carries control signals from the control unit to the computer components in order to control the operation of each component.
  31. 31Registersit provides the fastest way for a CPU to access data. Modern computer architectures operate on the principle of moving data from the main memory into registers, and vice versa.
  32. 32Registers hold the operands or instruction that CPU is currently processing Memory holds the instructions and the data that the currently executing program in CPU requiresRegisters vs Memory
    Basics
  33. 33Register holds the small amount of data around 32-bits to 64-bits Memory of the computer can range from some GB to TBRegisters vs Memory
    Capacity
  34. 34CPU can operate on register contents at the rate of more than one operation in one clock cycle CPU accesse memory at the slower rate than registerRegisters vs Memory
    Access
  35. 35Accumulator register, Program counter, instruction register, Address register, etc. RAMRegisters vs Memory
    Type
  36. 36General-Purpose Registers / Accumulator Program Counter Register / Instruction Pointer Memory Address Register Memory Data Register Status Registers / FlagsKinds of Registers
  37. 37General-Purpose Registers / AccumulatorThese store any transient data required by the processor.
  38. 38Program Counter Register / Instruction PointerThis holds the address of the current instruction being executed.
  39. 39Memory Address RegisterThis holds the address of a memory location.
  40. 40Memory Data RegisterThis holds a data value that is being stored to or retrieved from the memory location currently addressed by the memory address register.
  41. 41Status Registers / FlagsThese are used to allow the computer to keep track of special conditions such as arithmetic carry and overflow, power failure, and internal computer error.
  42. 42CPU ArchitectureAn architecture defines what an object looks like, behaves, processes, and responds. In the aspect of computers, it defines how a processor operates through hardware/software and how it is being handled by the user.
  43. 43• It is a program consisting of code (instructions) and data. • It uses a data bus to transfer data and instructions from the memory to the CPU. Memory holds both programs and data. • It is still the standard architecture for all computers and computer-based devices.Von Neumann Architecture
  44. 44—Von Neumann Architecture
    Diagram    Von Neumann Architecture Diagram
  45. 45• It uses separate buses for instructions and data. • The instruction address bus and instruction bus are used for reading instructions from the memory. • The address bus and data bus are used for writing and reading data to and from the memory.Harvard Architecture
  46. 46—Harvard Architecture DiagramHarvard Architecture Diagram
  47. 47Instruction Set ArchitectureIt allows communication between the hardware component and the software component of a computer. It is a group of commands for a CPU in a machine language.
  48. 48ADD, SUB, MULT, DIV, JUMP, CMP, etc.Example of Commands/Instructions – Operation Code (Opcode)
  49. 49Complex Instruction Set Computer Reduced Instruction Set ComputerTwo (2) Types of ISA
  50. 50Complex Instruction Set ComputerIt is a computer where single instructions can execute several low-level operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store) or can do multi-step operations or address modes within single instructions. Example: x86-x64 processors (Intel)
  51. 51Reduced Instruction Set ComputerIt is a computer which only uses simple instructions that can be divided into multiple instructions and perform low-level operations within a single clock cycle. Example: ARM (iPhone)
  52. 52—CISC VS RISCCISC VS RISC
  53. 53Fetch Decode Execute3 Microprocessor Operations
  54. 54Parallel ProcessingIt is a method of simultaneously breaking up and running program tasks on multiple microprocessors, thereby reducing processing time. It can be accomplished via a computer with two (2) or more processors or via a computer network. It induces problems resulting in not being synchronized.
  55. 55PipeliningIt is the process of accumulating and executing computer instructions and tasks from the processor via a logical pipeline. It allows storing, prioritizing, managing, and executing tasks and instructions in an orderly process.
  56. 56—Processes ComparisonProcesses Comparison

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easy Computer Systems and Architecture Flashcards on 03 Handout 1, created by Eljin Aguilar on 23/09/2024.
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Eljin Aguilar
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