Flashcards
06 Handout 1
Cards in this deck (34)
- 1This allows user input from the outside world to the computer.Input peripherals
- 2This allows information output from the computer to the outside world.Output peripherals
- 3This allows information to be sent through input and output.Input-output peripherals
- 4This allows the usage of I/O for storing and fetching of information.Storage
- 5input, output, or storage purposesBehavior
- 6human or machine interactionPartner
- 7the amount of data transferred to or from the I/O device in a period. It is typically measured in bits per secondData rate
- 8This refers to how fast the device is.Performance
- 9This refers to the expansion of the I/O device.Expandability
- 10This refers to the capability of the range and control of an I/O device.Dependability
- 11This refers to the cost (how cheap or expensive) of an I/O module or device.Cost
- 12These refer to the dimensions of an I/O device.Size and Weight
- 13This is the amount of information that can be input (output) and communicated across an interconnect (say, for example, a bus) to the processor or memory (I/O device) per unit time.I/O bandwidth (throughput)
- 14This is the total elapsed time to accomplish by an input or output operation. This is also an especially important performance metric in real-time systems.I/O response time (latency)
- 15These instructions are the result of I/O instructions written in a computer program. The instruction in the program initiates each data item transfer. Usually, the program controls data transfer to and from the CPU and peripheral. Transferring data under programmed I/O requires constant monitoring of the peripherals by the CPU.Programmed I/O
- 16for holding I/O dataData register
- 17for addressing the I/O device.Address register
- 18The interface determines when the peripheral is ready for data transfer, then it generates an interrupt. After receiving the interrupt signal, the CPU stops the task it processes and service the I/O transfer. Then, it returns to its previous processing task.Interrupt Initiated I/O
- 19This process periodically checks for external events (ex. checking keyboard input).As an external event notifier.
- 20It can be a notifier when a process is complete.As a completion signal.
- 21The time between interrupt pulses is known as a quantum, which represents the time that each program or process will have allotted to it.As a means of allocating CPU time.
- 22It uses traps or exceptions to avoid errors or illegal instructions.The interrupt as an abnormal event indicator.
- 23Software interrupts.Programs or applications with higher priority and privileges (depending on the user’s and system’s grant) can request a special interrupt if prompted.
- 24Direct Memory Access (DMA)It is a technique of removing the CPU from the path and letting the peripheral device manage the memory buses directly to improve the speed of transfer. A DMA controller manages the transfer of data between peripherals and memory unit. Many hardware systems use DMA, such as disk drive controllers, graphic cards, network cards, sound cards, etc.
- 25Buffer ChainingIt handles multiple transfers without the processor.
- 26Operation ChainingFurther optimization for smart device
- 27I/O ControllerIt serves as an intermediary interface between the CPU and a specific device that accepts commands from the CPU and controls the exact device after. Most of the I/O controllers are device controllers that serve as direct interfaces between a general system bus and each of the system’s peripheral devices. In general, I/O controllers simplify the task of interfacing peripheral devices to a CPU.
- 28Interface translationIt includes the connection, voltage supply, protocol enactor, clocking.
- 29AddressingIt is able to process memory locations or addresses for the function of processing.
- 30MultiplexingIt can combine multiple signals over the bus to reduce multiple bus usage.
- 31BufferingIt gives data transfer a boost by preloading data into memory before processing.
- 32Error detection and correctionIt can detect errors and correction.
- 33Control of multiple stepsThis reduces CPU workload due to I/O controller being the one that processes I/O instructions.
- 34Computer DriversA device driver is a small piece of software that tells the operating system and other software how to communicate with a piece of hardware. Device drivers are like translators between a program being used and a device that program wants to utilize somehow. In other words, a software program can provide information to a driver to explain what it wants a piece of hardware to do, information the device driver understands and can fulfill with the hardware.
Information
- Description
- easy Computer Systems and Architecture Flashcards on 06 Handout 1, created by Eljin Aguilar on 16/11/2024.
- Created by
- Eljin Aguilar · Nov 2024
- Updated
- Nov 16, 2024
- Views
- 3
- Rating