Flashcards
Psychology Everything
Cards in this deck (12)
- 1Albert Bandura (1916)2 groups of children watched 2 different videos:
Group 1: A non- aggressive adult plays with a bobo doll.
Group 2: An aggressive adult playing with a bobo doll.
Children were then left in a room of toys and told not to touch them.
Findings:
- Children in group 2 were more likely to be aggressive when allowed to play.
Follow up study
-Banduva and walfeis (1963)
3 groups were used:
Group 1: control non-aggression group.
Group 2: Aggressive adult and ending showing him being rewarded.
Group 3: Aggressive adult and ending showing him being punished.
Children in group 3 were show to be less likely to be aggressive than in group 2.
This is VICARIOUS REINFORCEMAENT – learning by watching the consequences of others behaviour. - 2SemanticJust knowing something but not knowing why (e.g. - I know that a pillar thing is called the Eiffel tower, why do I know that? No idea! :P )
- 3EpisodicMemory for a specific event/ thing that has happened (e.g. the terror in not knowing the difference between a bath sponge and a sponge cake :P)
- 4Proceduralautomatic memory for stuff you do every day (e.g. the way you can walk home when you really aren’t paying any attention)
- 5The Multi-store model of memory evaluationEvaluation – Strengths
Has been seen in FMIR’s
Different areas of the brain are used.
Evidence for different types of memory storage
Case studies – HM and KF and Clive wearing
Weaknesses
Nothing for autism or facial recognition
It is thought a person thinks “deeply” about something for it to be remembered rather than “shallow” processing (so deep-putting it in context and shallow-what coour was the word printed in)
This suggests that the STM comes first but Logie (1999) said that the STM relies on the LTM.
“Flash bulb memory” – remember immediately important things.
Too simple – ST and LT have more categories - 6The Working Memory Model evaluationTrojani and Grossi brain damage affecting functioning of his PL
Evaluation
Strengths:
- -Baddeley and Hitch dual task studies support the existence of a “Slave systems” working independently
- -Practical applications eg. Can help in understanding of Dyslexia.
Weaknesses
- Has nothing on how it links with the LTM (don’t dwell too much cause it’s not there to be able to the LTM )
- Nothing of other sensory things or processing non-verbal sound. - 7Baddeley et. Al. (1973)gave pps a dual task to do (a tracking task and visual imagery task) both at the same time. Then separately. Concluding that both tasks would have to be done in the same place.
- 8loftus and Plamer (1974)Lab experiment (Film of a car accident) was shown
Independent group design (5 groups)
-PPs were asked “how fast were the cars going when they… each other?”
Group Word used Average estimate of speed/mph
Gp 1 Smashed 41
Gp2 Collided 39
Gp3 Bumped 38
Gp4 Hit 34
Gp5 Contacted 31
Part 2 – one week later
PPs asked “did you see any broken glass?”
Gp1 32%
Gp5 14%
Conclusion – Language (verb) used can mislead PPS into incorrect estimations and part 2 show is that dales memories can still be Implanted top mislead PPs further after 1 week later. - 9Gabbert et al (2003)• Lab experiment (PPS watched a film in pairs)
• However, each PP had a different P.O.V.
• Only one PP could see (for example) the title of a book that was being carried.
• Then PPs were split in to 2 groups
o Gp 1 – discussion group
o Gp 2 – Control (no discussion)
• 71% of discussion group recalled some point of the event that they could not have seen from their P.O.V.
• Control group made no mistakes
Conclusion: Memory Conformity – not being able to identify a source of your recall (your own or someone you have discussed the event with so that memories can form in to a single “shared” memory.
Real life example: Oklahoma bombings also occurs with repeat questioning/ Interviews - 10Geisel mann et al.89 student pps
Pps show a video of violent crimes and asked about it 48 hrs later by CSI and PI’s each doing either a standard interview or a cognitive interview
Findings were tht more correct items cold be remembered in the cognitive interview
This supports the idea that EWT are more reliable when obtained using cognitive interview - 11Fisher et al.PPs were real witnesses or victims of shoplifting or mugging
16 experienced police inspectors from Miami were used, 7 were trained using cognitive methods and the other 9 were not. They then interviewed all the pps, by standard methods first and then a second time. And group again in a standard way and the other group in the new cognitive way.
Cognitive interview gained 47% more facts than standard whereas there was o gain from the 2nd standard group
Cognitive interviews are useful for improving EWT - 12—
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- Flashcards on Psychology Everything, created by samonia on 16/11/2015.
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