Flashcards
Psychodynamic Approaches: Psychoanalysis
Cards in this deck (53)
- 1Freud –was the “foremost figure in having formalized all these diverse ideas and processes into the discipline of psychotherapy” p. 163
- 2Many ideas of his are still influencing what happens in psychotherapySearching for relationships between developmental history and current problems
Blockages or dissociations in self-awareness are causes of psychological problems - 3Many ideas of his are still influencing what happens in psychotherapyTalking as approach to treatment
Therapeutic relationship as a curative factor
The development of self-awareness (intellectual and experiential) is a major component of change - 4Psychodynamic psychotherapy –variety of approaches to psychotherapy based on psychoanalytic principles and/or revisions or adaptations of principles
- 5Across psychodynamic theoriesHuman behavior and its development are determined by impulses, desires, motives, and conflicts that are intrapsychic (w/in the mind) and often unconscious
- 6Across psychodynamic theoriesPsychological problems typically occur because clients unsuccessfully defend against, and unconsciously replay, conflicts that were originally experienced in childhood relationships with family, peers, and authority figures
- 7Across psychodynamic theoriesGoals of therapy – improve ego functioning and to help clients recognize and change the ways they inappropriately repeat the past
- 8Psychoanalysisthe method of treatment based on Freud’s theories and principles (also refers to his theory of personality/psychopathology)
- 9Work with BreuerHypnosis was used to help those with hysterical symptoms (conversion disorder – physical symptoms with no organic/medical basis)
- 10Work with BreuerWhile hypnotized – have the person talk about unpleasant memories associated with the symptoms, express the emotions, symptoms would disappear
- 11Work with BreuerCathartic method or emotional catharsis – have the patient talk about unpleasant memories, the emotions are experienced in consciousness and thus, expressed and discharged
- 12Freud after studying w/ Breuer – ran into problems w/ hypnosis –not everyone could be hypnotized
recall of painful memories and expression of feelings most helpful if patient remembers them - 13Psychoanalysisuse of free association – instructing the patient to report whatever thoughts, feelings, or memories came to mind
- 14Freud after studying w/ Breuer – ran into problems w/ hypnosis –Psychic determinism – all thought is there for a reason; it is likely connected to some unconscious dynamic
Free association will reduce normal censoring and thus what person thinks is determined by unconscious - 15Freud Personality TheoryMental life occurs on a continuum from unconscious to preconscious, to conscious.
The Instincts – energy of a person comes from 2 sets of instincts – life instincts and death instincts – energy - 16Freud Personality TheoryPersonality structure – powerful competing forces w/in a person
Id
Ego
Superego - 17Freud Personality Theory (cont)Id – instinctual urges and desire for immediate gratification, operates on pleasure principle – mental imagery, dreams, wishful thinking
At birth – all id - 18Egoexecutive of the personality, uses secondary processes of perception, learning, memory to meet instincts/needs, operates on the reality principle
Develops in the oral stage – infant needs to develop an understanding of reality - how separate from others, about objects
Objects – anything external to the infant – most important objects – people
Toilet training – experienced as infringement on instinct gratification
The ego learns to control and regulate impulses - 19Superegoassimilation of parents’ moral code, it represents the ideals and values of society as taught by parents, role is to block unacceptable id impulses
Develops during phallic stage as a solution to the Oedipal crisis
Identification with the same sex parent includes Internalization (“introjection)” of values of parent - 20Ego Defenses/Defense Mechanismsmore fully developed theory about these by Anna Freud
- 21Ego Defenses/Defense Mechanismsunconscious mental strategies or routines that the ego uses to manage
Repressed wishes and fantasies
conflicts among id, ego, and superego
keep anxiety/distress from consciousness
distorts reality - 22Exist on a Continuum from primitive to matureMore mature defenses help us control our conflictual fears and negative emotions without interfering with living productively and efficiently
Problem when we use them in rigid way or repeatedly use the same defense mechanisms - 23Primitive Defenses Denialavoiding awareness of aspects of external reality that are difficult to face
- 24Projectionperceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses as though they were outside the self, typically in another person
- 25Splittingcompartmentalizing experiences of the self and others so that contradictions in behavior, thought, or affect are not recognized
- 26Regressionreturning to an earlier phase of development or functioning
- 27Examples of Higher-level Defenses Identificationinternalizing qualities of another by becoming like him or her
- 28Displacementshifting feelings associated with one idea, object, or person to another
- 29Intellectualizationusing excessive and abstract ideation to avoid difficulty feelings
- 30Reaction formationtransforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite
- 31Ego Defenses/Defense Mechanisms (cont) Examples of mature defenses Suppressionconsciously deciding not to attend to a particular feeling, state, or impulse
- 32Humorfinding the comic and/or ironic elements in difficult situations
- 33Compensationdealing with frustration and inadequacy in one area of life by investing in another
- 34Sublimationtransforming socially or internally unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable expression, higher level defense because can be more permanent and productive
E.g., Early childhood wishes and conflicts get challenged into founding the most influential of all theories of personality and psychopathology - 35Ego Defenses/Defense Mechanisms (cont) Example – child repeatedly angry at parent with fear of counter aggressionId – angry impulses wanting to be expressed
Ego – keep anger from being experienced consciously
Development of habitual way of dealing w/ aggressive impulses, maybe
Use reaction formation – becomes extremely nice and accommodating
Use projection – see hostility in relationships - 36Example – child repeatedly angry at parent with fear of counter aggressionProblems that are the result of habitual/repetitive use of defense mechanisms and/or patterns of relating to others in an attempt to deal with anxiety-provoking conflict
- 37TreatmentAnalyst’s job is to understand the origins and meanings of clients’ symptoms and help the clients do the same
- 38Goals of Treatment:bring unconscious into consciousness emotional and intellectual insight into underlying causes of patient’s behavior problems so that the maladaptive ways are no longer needed
- 39Working through –careful and repeated examination of how one’s conflicts and defenses have and are repeated in one’s life in their past, currently, and with the analyst
- 40Transference isthe client unconsciously brings maladaptive pattern of relating into the therapy
- 41Transference isClient relates to, responds to, expects from the therapist based on past relationships
key issues brought forward or transferred from childhood experiences to the analyst - 42Treatment (cont)thus bringing hidden/unconscious material to the present where they can be examined, understood, and resolved
The setting of psychoanalysis provides an arena for these patterns to be repeated within the analysis relationship – self-disclose intimate details while therapist sits in position of relative power - 43Countertransferencetherapists’ reactions toward clients are based on therapists personal history and conflicts
- 44TechniquesFree Association – say everything that comes to mind without editing or censoring unconscious material will begin to surface
gives glimpses of underlying causes of distress, therapist and patient look for patterns, hints at underlying, unconscious conflicts - 45Techniques -Analysis of Dreams – dreams are “the road to the unconscious”
Free associate regarding a dream - 46Analysis of Everyday BehaviorPsychic Determinism – all behavior is meaningful – memories, impressions, or experiences that occur together in patient’s mind are related and not random
- 47Analysis of Transferencewhen patient-therapist relationship creates miniature version of patient’s problems – called transference neurosis.
- 48Analysis of Resistanceany patient action or behavior that interferes with the process of therapy –
- 49Interpretations –analyst suggesting connections between patients’ current experiences and past conflicts
- 50Interpretationscalls attention to patient’s feelings and beliefs
identifies and clarifies feelings and beliefs
puts them into the context of other aspects of the patient’s personality
fosters awareness of the possible antecedents - 51Interpretationsfosters awareness of the possible antecedents
ultimately, provides opportunity for the patient to alter his/her behavior in terms of the increased awareness - 52InterpretationsQuote by Wolitzky (2003) –“the optimal interpretation, though not necessarily presented comprehensively at one time, would take the form of “what you are doing (feeling, thinking, fantasizing, etc.) with me now is what you also are doing with your current significant other (spouse, child, boss, etc.) and what you did with your father (and/or mother) for such and such reasons and motives and with such and such consequences” (p. 41).
Provide when patient is close to coming to same conclusion - 53Goals of Psychoanalysislift repression
Intellectual and emotional insight into underlying causes of problems
Working through or fully exploring the implications of those insights
Strengthening ego control over id and superego
Facilitate ability to love and work
“replacing neurotic misery with common unhappiness”
Increase tolerance of ambivalence and conflict
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- Flashcards on Psychodynamic Approaches: Psychoanalysis, created by sarrowsmith.5 on 02/12/2013.
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