Flashcards
IB Topic 4 Waves (SL)
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1Describe examples of oscillations- A mass on a spring (oscillating)
- A person bouncing on a trampoline
- Someone rocking a baby backwards and forwards
- A swing (swinging)
- Air molecules oscillating longitudinally as a sound wave passes by - 2Define: DisplacementThe distance of a particle from its undisturbed (equlibrium) position
- 3Define: AmplitudeThe maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position
- 4Define: FrequencyThe number of complete waves/oscillations produced per second.
- 5Define: PeriodThe time taken for one complete oscillation of a particle
- 6Define: Phase differenceThe phase difference between two particles along a wave is the fraction of a cycle by which one follows the motion of the other.
- 7Define: Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)Periodic motion about an equilibrium position where the acceleration of the particle is proportional to but in the opposite direction to the displacement of the particle.
- 8Describe the interchange between kinetic energy and potential energy during SHMIf a mass is swinging on a pendulum, at the top of the swing it has the most potential energy, but the least KE. At the bottom of the swing the PE has been converted into KE and it has the greatest speed.
- 9State what is meant by dampingIt is the process by which energy is removed from an occilating system. Frequency does not change. The time for each cycle remains the same.
- 10State what is meant by natural frequency of vibration and forced oscillationsNatural frequency: The frequency that the system oscillates at naturally
Forced oscillations: An oscillation (other than the natural frequency) that is brought about and maintained by the application of a force - 11Define: ResonanceAn increase in amplitude that occurs when an oscillating system is forced to oscillate at its own natural frequency.
- 12Describe examples of resonance where the effect is useful and where it should be avoidedUseful: Violin, microwave ovens, ultrasound
Nuisance: Aircraft shattering windows,bridge collapse, vibrations in cars, - 13Describe a wave pulse and a continuous progressive (travelling) waveA wave pulse involves just one oscillation (single disturbance).
A continuous wave involves a succession of individual oscillations. (disturbances) - 14Does a travelling wave transfer energy?Yes.
However, there is no net motion of the medium through which the wave travels. - 15Describe and give examples of transverse and of longitudal wavesTransverse: Waterwave, light. Oscilations PERPENDICULAR to direction of wave travel.
Longitudal: Sound. Oscillations in SAME direction as wave travels. - 16Describe waves in two dimensions, including the concepts of wavefronts and of raysWave fronts:These are the movement of the wave pattern, i.e. when the curve is going up, or
going down. The wave fronts highlight the parts of the waves which are moving together.
Rays: highlight the direction of propagation of the wave and therefore the direction of the energy transfer. - 17Describe: CrestThe point at a wave with maximum positive displacement
- 18Describe:TroughThe point on a wave with maximum negative displacement
- 19Describe:CompressionRegion of a longitudinal wave where particles are closer together than they would be in equilibrium.
- 20Describe: RarefactionRegion of a longitudinal wave where particles are further away than they would be in equilibrium.
- 21Define: Wave speedThe distance travelled by the wave profile per unit time.
- 22Define: intensityEnergy of a wave per unit area, more intense sound=loud, more intense light=brighter.
- 23Electromagnetic spectrum (EM waves)Gamma rays: 10^-15m
X-rays: 10^-15m
Ultraviolet radiation: 10^-9m
Visible radiation (light): 10^-7m
Infrared radiation: 10^-5m
Microwaves: 10^-2m
Radiowaves:10m - 24Describe the reflection and transmission of waves at a boundary between two media (this includes sketching of incident, reflected and transmitted waves)Reflection: In this case the law of reflection applies incident angle = reflected angle when
measured from the normal ( an imaginary line at right angles to the surface).
Refraction: In this case the wave is refracted towards the normal entering a slower medium and
away from the normal entering a faster medium. - 25State Snell's lawWhen light passes through different materials (for example from air to glass) the ratio of sines of the incidence (incoming) angle and the refraction (outgoing) angle does not change
In symbols:
n1/n2 = v2/v1 = sin theta 2/sin theta 1 - 26Define: DiffractionDiffraction is when the wave spreads out after passing through a narrow opening
- 27Describe examples of diffractionWater waves entering a harbour opening and spreading out.
You can hear the TV from upstairs in your room if it is loud enough. - 28The principle of superpositionWhen two or more waves meet the total (resultant) displacement at any point is the sum of the displacements that each individual wave would cause at that point.
- 29What is meant by constructive and destructive interference?Constructive: where the resultant wave is bigger than either of the two original.
Destructive: The sum of two waves can be less than either wave, alone, and can even be zero (not in phase)
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- Flashcards for IB Physics 2016 Topic 4 Waves
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- Jeffrey Piggott
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- Created by p_krantz · Nov 26, 2015
- Copied by Jeffrey Piggott · Nov 26, 2015
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