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Description
Flashcards by hanna akhrass, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by hanna akhrass
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is content analysis? | A type of observational study which behaviour is observed indirectly, in written or verbal material. |
| What is the independent variable? | What the experimenter manipulates. |
| What is the dependent variable? | What the experimenter measures. |
| What is a field experiment? | Experiment conducted in natural environment where the experimenter controls the IV. |
| Strengths of content analysis? | -Readily understood. -Inexpensive. -Unobtrusive. -Doesn't require contact with people. |
| Weaknesses of content analysis? | -It's only descriptive. -May not reveal underlying motive. |
| What is a quasi experiment? | An experiment where the IV is naturally occurring e.g. gender, age, etc. |
| What is a naturalistic experiment? | An experiment in a natural environment where the IV is naturally occurring. E.g. the effects of introduction of TV into a society. |
| Advantages of experiments? | -If we control all the extraneous variables we can be confident that the IV is what CAUSED any difference in the DV (So we are able to test Cause and Effect). -Naturalistic and quasi experiments can also be used when it is unethical to manipulate the IV. |
| Disadvantages of lab experiments? | Lab experiments are artificial and may cause artificial behavior (i.e. they lack Ecological Validity). Participants may guess what the psychologist is looking for and behave accordingly (Demand Characteristics) |
| Disadvantage of field experiment? | Field Experiments (Outside the Lab) allow us to see how people behave naturally but it is harder to control the variables. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A prediction of what we expect the results to show. |
| What is an observational method? | It's a way of finding out how people behave in everyday life + involves watching people when they're unaware of being observed. (Sometimes video recordings may be made). |
| Different types of observations? | -Participant. -Non participant. -Covert observation. -Overt observation. |
| What is a participant observation? | Where the researcher takes part in the activity that is being observed. |
| What is a non participant observation? | Where the researcher observes without taking part. |
| What is a covert observation? | Where the people being observed are unaware that they are being observed. |
| What is an overt observation? | Where the people being observed are aware that they are being observed. |
| Advantages of observations? | They allow us to see people behaving naturally and the results may be used as a basis for further research. |
| Disadvantages of observations? | -Trained people are needed (Expensive). -The observers may make biased interpretations. |
| What do descriptive statistics describe? | Describe basic features of quantitate data. |
| Two main types of statistics? | -Measures of central tendency – these describe the middle of the data. -Measures of dispersion – these describe the spread of scores. |
| When to use what measure? | If there are extreme scores in the sets of data then it can give a distorted view on what's going on (median and mode will be more accurate). |
| What is standard deviation? | Sometimes calculating the middle score is misleading. How far the individual scores are, on average, from the mean score. |
| What does the Y axis stand for when plotting data? | Frequency. |
| What does the X axis stand for when plotting data? | Represents item of interest. |
| What does a normal distribution look like? | -mean, median, mode are all in mid point. -symmetrical around midpoint. |
| What is a population? | The group of everyone or everything that you are interested in. |
| Requirements of a sample? | Must be representative of a population. |
| What is an opportunity sample? An example? | -Availability and willingness to respond are overriding factors in selection of participants. -Participants wanted and advertised in newspaper. |
| What is a random sample? An example? | -This is where all people in the population have an equal chance of being selected. -Put all the names of students at Grantham College into a hat and select 100 at random. |
| What is Systematic Sampling? An example? | -This is random sampling with a system - from a sampling frame a starting point is chosen at random and thereafter at regular intervals -not always representative -giving a questionnaire to every tenth person. |
| What is a Stratified sample? An example? | -When the population is divided into important subgroups + people are then chosen at random from these subgroups -choosing a sample from a population of mothers with children under 5. |
| What is a Quota sample? An example? | (Similar to stratified sampling in that important sub-groups are decided upon) -the participants are then chosen opportunistically until the required number of people in each sub-group is reached -waiting in the street and approaching anybody who seems to fit the characteristics of each subgroup. |
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