Flashcards
Geography Semester1 Exam
Cards in this deck (69)
- 1Stage 1 of demographic transition modelBoth birth rates and death rates are high. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics.
- 2Stage 2 of demographic transition modelThe introduction of modern medicine lowers death rates, especially among children, while birth rates remain high; the result is rapid population growth. Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2.
- 3Stage 3 of demographic transition modelBirth rates gradually decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women’s status, and access to contraception. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. Most developing countries are in Stage 3.
- 4Stage 4 of demographic transition modelBirth and death rates are both low, stabilizing the population. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman. Most developed countries are in Stage 4.
- 5Stage 5 of demographic transition modelWould include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population.
- 6Population Growth Rate (natural)Subtraction of crude death
rate from crude birth rate and then made a percentage. - 7Crude Birth RateThe number of births per 1,000 people in a population.
- 8Crude Death RateThe number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.
- 9Fertility Rate (general versus total)Total fertility rates is the average number
of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age, while general fertility rate is the
number of births per 1,000 women of any specific year groups. - 10Infant Mortality RateThe number of deaths of children less than one year old
per 1,000 live births. - 11Child Mortality RateThe number of deaths in children under the age of 5 per
1,000 children. - 12Life ExpectancyAverage number of years that a person can be expected to live,
usually from birth, if demographic factors remained unchanged. - 13Population MomentumThe tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in
the birth rate or fertility levels, and is also a tendency for a population to continue
to fall despite a rise in birth rate. - 14Doubling TimeThe amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.
- 15DemographyThe study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the
incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. - 16Dependency RatioMeasures the working population and the dependent
population, useful measure to compare countries or to track changes over time. - 17Old Age Dependency RatioThe number of people aged 65 and over for every
100 people aged 20 to 64. - 18Youth Dependency RatioThe number of people aged 0-14 and 65+ to the
total population (15-64), also the total dependency ratio. - 19Exponential GrowthAn increasing or accelerating rate of growth.
- 20Population Growth can create:1. great pressure on governments
2. pressure on environment
3.increased risk of famine and malnutrition
4. greater disparity (rich and poor countries) - 21Crude birth rate calculationTotal number of births/ total population x 1000 per year.
- 22Standardised Birth RateGives a birth rate for a region on the basis that the region's age composition is the same as that of the whole country.
- 23Gender Related Development IndexStatus of women which measures the inequality between the sexes in life expectancy, education and the standards of living.
- 24Types of ResidenceRural have more children than urban because:
1. more pressure on women
2. freedom (e.g: China's one policy not as enforced in rural areas)
3. children are more expensive in rural areas - 25Religion in relation to Fertility RatesCatholic countries (Europe) have low fertility rates. Mexico and Brazil have high fertility rates.
- 26Economic ProsperityFavours and increase in birth rates, while increasing the costs to lead to a decline in birth rates.
- 27Malthus's ArgumentThe exponential growth will one day overtake food production. Causing catastrophic repercussions such as famine, disease and war.
- 28Population size is affected by which two things?Birth rate and Death rate
- 29Replacement RateThe total fertility rate needed for a country to replace and maintain it's population. It is 2:1
- 30Population DistributionThe way a population is spread out. May be spread our evenly (in a regular pattern) or unevenly.
- 31Population DensityThe number of people living per km2. Countries like
Singapore and Hong Kong have very high population densities, while
countries like Russia, Canada and Australia have quite low population
densities. - 32MEDC Birth Rates and Death RatesBirth rates: low birth rates due to expenses , low infant and child mortality, increased gender equality and contraceptives and family planning available.
Death rates: increasing death rates due to increase in elderly population, advances in medical care, diet and lifestyle changes increase risks of cancer. - 33LEDC Birth Rates and Death RatesBirth rates: increasing due to, lack of contraceptives and family planning, high infant and child mortality, lack of state pensions.
Death Rate: falling due to, improvements in health care, better diet, improved sanitation, improvements in housing reduces risk of disease. - 34PensionsA regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life.
- 35Factors affecting Death Rates and Life ExpectancyAge, Sex, Residence, Occupation (some jobs are more physically demanding) , Nourishment, Literacy
- 36Population PyramidsPopulation pyramids show the structure of a population in terms of sex and age. Can show trends in birth rates, death rates and life expectancy.
- 37Population MomentumThe continued growth of a population after
fertility rate is equal or actually below the replacement rate. This is
happens if there is a large concentration of people in the reproductive age
range.Canada, Brazil, Turkey, Algeria, Tunisia, China, South Korea, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Thailand, Iran
- 38Population PredictionsA prediction of future population changes based on current trends of mortality, fertility and migration. The UN make
population projections for a number of reasons, including:
• To be able to better allocate and distribute resources
• To be able to target family planning and medical care more effectively
• To be to predict population crises e.g. famine, refugee problems
• To advise government and NGOs (Non-governmental organisations
(Charities) - 39Causes of an Ageing PopulationHigh life expectancy caused by:
• Good medical care
• Good diet and improved water supply
• Good sanitation and hygiene
Low birth rates caused by:
• Emancipation of women
• Cost of children
• Emigration of economically active - 40Pros and Cons of Ageing PopulationsNegative Impacts:
• Shortage of economically active and economic depression
• Reduced taxation income for the government
• Cost of providing healthcare and care homes (elderly tend to get ill more frequently)
• Reduced spending on education, policing, transport network, etc.
• Cost of paying for pensions
• Service decline (schools, sports centres, etc. not used by older residents)
Positive Impacts:
• Elderly people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the workplace.
• Less money spent on schooling and natal medical care.
• Lower crime rates and less money needed to be spent on policing - 41Causes of a Youthful PopulationCauses of Youthful Populations:
High birth rates caused by:
• lack of family planning
• No education about contraception
• High infant mortality
• Primary based economy
• No care for old dependents from government
• Immigration of young dependents
• Tradition and status of large families - 42Pros and Cons of a Youthful PopulationNegative Impacts:
• Cost of childcare and education
• Increased dependency ratio
• Increased cost of child benefits paid by the government
• Shortage of workers (in the short-term)
• Cost of healthcare (midwives, health visitors, etc.)
Positive Impacts:
• Lower death rates so less money spent on care homes/hospitals
• Educated and IT literate population (many elderly people are unfamiliar with new technology)
• Abundance of future workers Strong military in the future
• Large future market (young people are often interested in consumer goods - 43Pro-NatalistDefinition: A policy that tries to INCREASE birth rates and total fertility rates.
You can not force people to have children, so you offer incentives. Countries may introduce a pro-natalist policy for TWO reasons: Either… They have an ageing population OR... They have a shortage of economically active - 44Population PolicyDefinition: Measures taken by a government to influence the way its
population is changing.
There are TWO types of population policies:
Pro-natalist Policies & Anti-natalist Policies - 45Anti- NatalistDefinition: A policy that tries to REDUCE birth rates. Can be done through better education on family planning and better provision of contraception or a more rigid forced policy like China’s.
A country may introduce an anti-natalist policy for TWO Reasons: Either…
it is Overpopulated OR…
It has a young population. - 46OverpopulationThe population is higher than the resources available.
- 47MigrationThe movement of people from one location to another.
- 48Internal MigrationThe movement of people within a country.
- 49Internation MigrationThe movement of people between countries.
- 50Rural- Urban MigrationThe movement of people from a countryside to a city.
- 51Forced MigrationThe movement of people due to natural disasters (earthquakes) or due to life threatening (dangerous) situations (war, famine)
- 52Economic MigrationMovement of people because of work.
- 53Pull FactorsPull Factors: Something that attracts you to a new location. For Example: Prospect of a better job, Lower crime rates and peace, Prospect of better education for them or their children, Availability of food and water.
- 54Push FactorsPush Factors: something that makes you want to leave a location. For example: No job or a poorly paid job, Food and water shortages, Poor education and medical care, Crime or conflict.
- 55Intervening ObstaclesIntervening obstacles: Problems or difficulties that you might experience before you migrate or while you are migrating. Obstacles that people might face while migrating include: No passport or visa, Shortage of money, Fear of being a victim of crime while migrating e.g. Central Americans travelling through Mexico, Arrest for illegal entry into countries
- 56Causes for Voluntary Migration•Retirement
•Education (to attend a school
or university)
•Work
•Medical care (medical care is
often cheaper in LEDCs)
•More relaxed lifestyle in
foreign country (many people
move from UK to Australia for
this reason) - 57Causes for Forced Migration•Natural disasters like
flooding, earthquakes or
volcanoes
•Outbreaks of disease
•War
•Political persecution
•Drought and famine - 58RefugeesSomeone who has been forced to leave their home and their country. People can be forced to become refugees for many reasons including:
• War
• Natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, volcanoes & Droughts)
• Political unrest e.g. Syria, Egypt and Libya
• Persecution (ethnic, religious)
• Crime and extortion - 59IDP's (Internally Displaced People)This stands for internally displaced person and it is someone who has been forced to leave their home and move somewhere else within their country.
- 60IDP and Refugees ChallengesStarvation/Dehydration, Exposure, Disease, Racial Tension.
- 61Why is female education important?Gives freedom to get an education and a job, they can contribute to the economy, reduced fertility, birth rates, treated fairly, improvement in health, diet, etc.
- 62What problems can lack of education cause?Dependance on husbands or fathers, high birth/fertility rates, lack of confidence, hard to find well-paid employment.
- 63Human Development IndexHDI was developed in 1990 and is used by the United Nations to measure levels of development, HDI looks at three variables: 1. GNI per capita
2. Life expectancy
3. Comparing expected years of schooling for current school children and mean years of schooling for adults age 25 (the old system just looked at adult literacy)
• The HDI calculations score all countries between 0 and 1. The map below shows that according to HDI the most developed countries are in Western Europe North America and Australia while the least developed countries are in Central Africa.
• HDI is what is known as a composite measure. This simply mean that more than one variable is taken into account, for HDI three variables are looked at. It can be harder to collect all the data for composite measures, but they do give a more complete and accurate picture of a country's are area's development. - 64Absolute PovertyWhen people don't have enough money to afford their daily
needs. The UN usually classifies anyone earning less than $1 or $2 to be absolutely
poor. - 65Three Important Indicators for DisparityInfant Mortality
Education
Nourisment - 66Relative PovertyWhen people have less than the average in the community or
country that they live in. For example someone would be considered relatively poor if
everyone in their community can afford a car, television and a computer, but they
cannot. - 67Poverty LineThe minimum level of income deemed necessary to
achieve and adequate standard of living in a given country. - 68Income GapThe income gap between the richest and poorest in a country.
- 69MarginalisationThe process of an individual or group of people becoming separated
from the majority. People may become marginalised because of their age, race,
religion, economic status, etc.
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- Flashcards on Geography Semester1 Exam, created by Isha Raja on 27/11/2015.
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