Flashcards
Psych 2300 Review for Exam 1
Cards in this deck (101)
- 1Benefits of being a good consumer of researchImportant so the right questions can be asked & how to interpret research with a critical eye
- 2EmpiricismProcess of acquiring knowledge directly through observation & experience
- 3Properties of good theoriesFalsifiable
Supported by data
Parsimonious
Replicated - 4FalsifiableThere must be potentially observable data that would challenge a theory
- 5ParismoniousAlso referred to as Occam's Razor: If all else is equal, a simpler explanation is better
- 6Types of researchBasic
Applied
Translation - 7Basic researchConducted with a goal of enhancing a general body of knowledge
- 8Applied researchConducted to address issues in which there are practical problems & potential solutions
- 9Translational researchBridge from basic to applied
uses lessons from basic research to test applications in the real world - 10Benefits of popular press coverageThe research findings can reach people who would never have heard about the findings otherwise.
- 11Cost of popular press coverageSometimes the findings are not reported accurately, or they are reported without additional qualifiers that really should be stated.
- 12Pitfalls of relying on experienceHas no comparison groups:
Enables us to compare what would happen both with & without the thing we're interested in
Confounded:
Occurs when you think one thing caused an outcome but in fact other things changed too, so you are confused about what the cause originally was - 13Pitfalls of intuitionAvailability heuristic
Present/present bias
Asking biased questions
Confirmatory hypothesis testing - 14Availability heuristicStates that things that pop up easily in our mind tend to guide our thinking
Example: The good story: Accepting a conclusion because it makes sense - 15Present/present biasTendency to rely only on evidence that is present, & ignore evidence that is absent when evaluating the support for a conclusion
- 16Asking biased questionsWe ask questions that are more likely to give the desired answer this is known as confirmatory hypothesis testing
- 17Confirmatory hypothesis testingThe tendency to ask only the questions that will lead to the expected answer.
- 18Types of sourcesEmpirical journal
Review journal
Edited books
Full-length books - 19Empirical journal articleReports original methods & results in detail
- 20The parts of an empirical journal articleAbstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References - 21AbstractThe summary of the article, about 120 words in length
Describes the studies hypothesis, method, & major results - 22IntroductionThe first section of regular text, & the first paragraphs typically explain the topic of study. The middle paragraph lays out the theoretical & empirical background.
- 23MethodExplains in detail how the researchers conducted their study. Normally contains subsections such as participants, materials, procedures, & apparatus
Ideally gives enough detail so that if you wanted to repeat the study, you could without having to ask the authors questions - 24ResultsDescribes the quantitative &, as a relevant, qualitative results of the study, including the statistical tests the authors used to analyze data
- 25DiscussionThe opening paragraph of the discussions section generally summarizes the study's research questions, methods, & indicates how well the data supported the hypothesis
- 26ReferencesThis list contains a full bibliographic listing of all the sources the authors cited in writing their article
- 27Where would you find the hypothesis for a study?Abstract
- 28Where would you find the number of participants in a study?Method
- 29Where is the background information about a study found?Introduction
- 30Where is the statistics found in a study?Results
- 31Where is the description of strengths & weaknesses found in a study?Discussion
- 32Where can you find a short summary of the study?Abstract
- 33Review journal articlesSummarizes a collection or pattern of results from the literature
Sometimes uses a quantitative technique called meta-analysis, which combines the results of many studies & gives a number that summarizes the magnitude, or the effect size, of a relationship - 34Edited booksInvites authors, to overview previous research
- 35Research databases for finding researchPsychINFO
Web science
OSU Library
Google Scholar - 36VariableSomething that varies, effects the results of an experiment
Has at least two levels/values - 37Depression: Several levels of depression are possible (e.g., severely depressed, mildly depressed, not depressed). This is an example of what?A variable
- 38ConstantSomething that could potentially vary, but has only one level in the study in question
- 39Sex when conducting a study that only includes mothers or only includes fathers. This is an example of?A constant
- 40Variables can bemeasured or manipulated
- 41Measured variableA variable with levels that are simply observed (measured) and recorded
Example: Height, IQ, Blood pressure, Hair color, Depression - 42Manipulated variableA variable for which the researcher controls the levels
Example: Assigning someone to either a “sit quietly” or “punch the punching-bag” condition. - 43Conceptual variableTell you what a concept means in abstract or theoretical terms
Also called a construct
Example: Intelligence, a researcher defines it as the ability to acquire & apply knowledge skills - 44Operational variableLinks to a concept to the concrete world by telling you how to observe &/ or measure the concept
Example: Full scale IQ score on the WAIS-IV - 45What are the three claimsFrequency
Association
Casual - 46Frequency claimsDescribe the rate or level of some variable
Only focuses on one variable
Always measured never manipulated - 4758% of Boulder residents exercise frequently is what kind of claimFrequency claim
- 48Claims that mention the percentage of a variable, the number of people who engage in some activity, or a certain group's level on a variable can be called aFrequency claim
- 49Association claimsArgue that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable
Has two variables, bother measured never manipulated - 50Shy people are better at reading facial expressions is what kind of claim?Association claim
- 51What are the three basic types of associations among variablesPositive association
Negative association
Zero association - 52Shy people are better at reading facial expressions is what kind of association & why?Postive
High goes with high & low goes with low
Because the headline is suggesting that on average, the more shy people are, the better they can read facial expressions - 53People who multitask the most are the worst at it. Is what kind of association & why?Negative
High goes with low & low goes with high
Because the headline suggest, high rates of multitasking go with low abilities to multitask, & low rates of multitasking go with high ability to multitask - 54Screen time not linked to physical activity in kids is what kind of association & why?Zero
No association between the variables (zero correlation)
Because in a scatterplot of this association, bother low & high levels of screen time are associated with all levels of physical activity - 55Advice can also be what kind of claim?Causal, because it implies that if you do X then Y will get better
- 56Family meals curb teen eating disorders is what kind of claim?Causal
- 57The variable that is being manipulated in an experiment testing a causal claim is a?Independent variable
- 58High "normal" blood sugar may still harm brains is what kind of claim?Causal
- 5916% of teens have considered suicide what kind of claim is this?Frequency
- 60Facebook users get worse grades in college. Is what kind of claimAssociation
- 61Some association claim verbs are?Is linked to
Is at higher risk for
Is associated with
Is correlated with
Prefers
Are more/less likely to
May predict
Is tied to
Goes with - 62Some causal claim verbs are?Causes
Promotes
Affects
Reduces
May curb
Prevents
Exacerbates
Distracts
Changes
Fights
May lead to
Worsens
Makes
Increases
Sometimes makes
Trims
Hurts
Adds - 63Linear regressionBuilds on correlation (or association) to let you predict the value of Y based on the value of X. but it's all about association
- 64Validity (of claims)Refers to the appropriateness of the conclusion, & in general a valid claim is reasonable, justifiable, & accurate
- 65The four big validities are?Construct
External
Internal
Statistical - 66Construct validityHow well the variables in the study are operationalized, measured, & manipulated
- 67External validityHow well the claimed effect generalizes beyond the people, stimuli, & circumstances of the specific study
- 68Internal validityHow well a claimed causal statement can be supported against alternated explanations (i.e., other causes)
- 69Statistical validityHow strong is the effect? Is it statistically significant? How well the study minimizes type l errors (false positives) & type ll errors(misses)
- 70Type one errorFinding that there is an association (based off a sample), when there is actually isn't one
Also called a "false positive" - 71Type two errorFailing to find an association (based off a of sample), when there really is one.
Also called a "miss" - 72Independent variableOne variable (thought to be the cause)
Always manipulated
Not dependent on the values of other variables (though researcher controls the level) - 73Dependent variableAlways measured
Dependented on the manipulated variable - 74Random assignmentParticipants have an equal chance of being placed in any condition of the study
Example: Flipping a coin - 75Main ideas from the Tuskegee studySubjects were harmed by not being told about the treatment for the disease
Not treated with respect (lied to, withheld information from participants, never got informed consent from participants.)
Participants were targeted because they were disadvantaged - 76Main ideas from the Milgram's obedience studiesFake electric "shock" experiment. % of people experimented continued throughout the duration of experiment
Extremely stressful to the actual participants
Possible lasting effects even after participants were debriefed - 77The three main principles of the Belmont ReportRespect for persons (dignity & autonomy)
Beneficence (trying to do good)
Justice (fair discrimination) - 78The five general ethical principles from the APABeneficence & non-maleficence
Fidelity & responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for people's rights & dignity - 798 of the APA Ethical Standards1. Institutional approval (IRB)
2. Informed consent
3. Client/patient/student/subordinate participation
4. Dispensing with informed consent
5. Deception
6. Offering inducements
7. Debriefing
8. Human care & use of animals - 80Institutional review boards What are they? Who is on the board? When are they required?Responsible for interpreting ethical principles & ensuring that research that uses human participants is conducted ethically
Includes at least 5 people, some whom must come from certain backgrounds. (Scientist, Academic non-science, Non affiliated (prisoner, advocate)
If an institution conducts research using federal money, then a designated IRB is required - 81Informed consentA form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study & to obtain their consent to participate
- 82DeceptionLying to the subjects concerning the true nature of a study, because knowing the true nature of the study might affect their performance
- 83Data fabricationChanging (or inventing) data to fit predictions
- 84Data falsificationMore broadly influencing the study's results in ways not specified by the hypothesis & design
Example: Deleting subjects/data, influencing subjects responses - 85Three types of operationalization1. Self report
2. Observational (Behavior)
3. Physiological - 86Self report measureOperationalizes a variable by recording people's answers to questions about themselves
Example: Questionnaires - 87Observational measureOperationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical tracers of behaviors
May record physical traces of behavior - 88Physiological measureOperationalize a variable by recording biological data such as hormone levels, heart rate, or change in blood flow in the brain.
Examples:
Operationalize happiness by recording particular muscle movements on a person’s face using Electromyography (EMG).
Operationalize stress by measuring the amount of cortisol in a person’s saliva. - 89Asking people about their daily activities during an interview is what type of measure?Self report
- 90Recording how quickly a person solves a problem from an intelligence test. Is what type of measure?Observational
- 91Recording the number of polite & impolite comments exchanged on a public bus. Is what type of measure?Observational
- 92Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate changes in blood flow to various parts of the brain. Is what type of measure?Physiological
- 93Asking people to mark on a five-point scale how tired they feel on an average daySelf report
- 94Recording electrical patterns in the brain using electroencephalography (EEG) is what type of measure?Physiological
- 95Categorical variables(Qualitative variables) have values that can only be placed into categories such as yes or no
No math operations are performed on the data - 96QuantitativeThese scales involve meaningful numeric values that indicate the order & (sometimes) distance between different levels of a variable
- 97Quantitative (continued)Ordinal (ranks): Meaningful order to numeric values, but with unequal intervals between units
Interval: Equal intervals between units, but no meaningful or “true” zero point
A meaningful zero represents the complete absence of a particular construct
Ratio: Equal intervals and a meaningful zero
Zero would mean that none of the construct exists. Height would be one possible example. - 98Number of books a person owns. Nominal, ordinal,interval, or ratio?Ratio
- 99A book's sales rank on Amazon. Nominal, ordinal,interval, or ratio?Ordinal
- 100Location of hometownNominal
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