Flashcards
Equine Reproduction
Cards in this deck (73)
- 1What is a filly?Female less than 2 years old
- 2What is a colt?Entire male less than 4 years old
- 3What is a nomination?Application to use a stallion on a mare
- 4What is the difference between an embryo and a foetus?Embryo is a conceptus less than 50 days old
Foetus is a conceptus more than 50 days old - 5What is meant by mares being seasonally polyoestrus?Cycle repeatedly throughout a season between Spring and Autumn naturally
- 6How long is each oestrus cycle in mares?21 days long
2-7 days oestrus and the remainder dioestrus - 7How long is the gestation period in mares?Approximately 11 months
340 days with a range 320-370 days - 8When does covering start with Thoroughbreds?Breeding cycle manipulated to start earlier in the year for Thoroughbreds intended for racing
Covering usually starts Mid-February - 9When does covering of performance or pleasure breeds start?Later than Thoroughbreds so mare foals in late Spring/early Summer and the mare and foal can be easily maintained at grass
- 10What is required for Weatherby's registered?Thoroughbred mares must be covered naturally
Artificial insemination is not permissible - 11What are the two main stud events in January?Stud preparation
Foaling - 12What are the two main stud events from February to April?Foaling and covering
- 13What is the main stud event in May and June?Covering
- 14What is the main stud event in July and August?Address non-pregnant mares
- 15What is the main stud event in September?Scan for October terms
- 16What are the two main stud events in October?Weaning
Pay stud bills - 17What is the main stud event in November?Nominations
- 18What is the main stud event in December?Passport applications
- 19Give the 4 possible terms between the owner of the mare and the studFixed fee
No foal, free return
No foal, no fee
October terms - 20How is a mare brought into season shortly before or after arrival at stud?Prostaglandin injection, provided a mature corpus luteum has been identified on scan
Causes corpus luteum regression
Induces oestrus behaviour within 2-7 days - 21What are the two pre-breeding checks on a mare before arrival at stud?General health test - clinical exam and Strangles blood test
Reproductive health clitoral swab - 22Give 3 diseases checked for in a reproductive health clitoral swabContagious equine metritis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella - 23Give 4 pre-breeding checks after the mare has arrived at studEndometrial swabs for cytology and culture
Ultrasound scans of ovaries to monitor follicle development and corpus luteum presence
Ultrasound scan of uterus to identify free fluid and cysts
Teasing - 24What is teasing?Performed to test whether a mare is in season or not and assess her compliance for mating using a stallion
If mare is in season she will be receptive to the stallion due to her oestrogen dominated state - 25Give 3 ways to protect the stallion during teasingTeasing board
Stable door
Fencing divide - 26Give 2 advantages of using a teaserReduces risk to expensive stud stallions
Small, pony type stallions are cheaper to keep - 27Give 7 behavioural signs of oestrus in maresLifting of tail
Winking of vulva
Squirting urine
Wide legged stance
Acceptance of male presence
Tolerates stallion attention
Not kicking out at stallion - 28Give 5 signs associated with oestrus in the stallionPhlemen posture
Sniffing/nuzzling/biting of mares' hind limbs and perineum
Dropping of penis
Penile erection
Attempting to mount and cover mare - 29Give 2 signs on an ultrasound scan that a mare in season is ready to be coveredGood uterine oedema
Large ovarian follicle (greater than 35 mm) - 30How does the cervix of a mare appear during oestrus and dioestrus?During oestrus it is red, engorged and saggy
During dioestrus it is pale, small and tight - 31What may the handler of the stallion do during covering?Palpate ventral penis to feel for 'pulse' or waves of ejaculation
- 32Give 5 pieces of equipment used for the mare during coveringBridle
Chifney
Twitch
Hobbles or boots to protect stallion
Wither guard - 33What is used to handle the stallion during covering?Bridle
Chifney
Chain - 34When is an ovulation check performed?2 days post-service
If mare has ovulated she will be rescanned for pregnancy diagnosis at 12 days
If mare has not ovulated she may be presented for cross cover - 35Give a disadvantage of natural covering, common in native breedTimings determined by horse with less human intervention, so lack of accurate dates makes foaling harder to predict
- 36Give 3 features of an artificial vagina for semen collectionFitted with liner
Lubricated
Filled with warm water at 38 degrees Celsius - 37Give 3 features of a semen collection deviceFilter to collect post ejaculate gel fraction
Insulated
Maintained in the dark - 38Give 2 ovulation agents that may be used prior to fixed time inseminationhCG (Chorulon injection)
GnRH antagonist (Ovuplant or injectable Deslorelin) - 39Where is semen placed when performing artificial insemination?Uterine body or tip of uterine horn if using frozen semen
- 40What are the 2 purposes of ultrasound scans after artificial insemination?Confirm ovulation
Assess whether any residual fluid remains in uterus which must be removed by lavage, induction of uterine contractions and exercise - 41What is meant by poor genital conformation in mares?Vulval opening extends well above pelvic floor
- 42What is carried out on mares with poor genital conformation?Caslick's procedure
- 43When can pregnancy diagnosis be confirmed by ultrasound scan?12 days
Particularly useful to identify twins - 44When can pregnancy diagnosis be confirmed by failure to return to oestrus?Teasing negative at 18-24 days
- 45When can pregnancy diagnosis be confirmed by blood samples and what do they look for?From 60 days
PMSG - 46When can urine samples be used to confirm pregnancy diagnosis and what do they look for?From 120 days
Placental oestrogens - 47When is it possible to terminate twins after identification on an ultrasound scan?Before 35 days
- 48Give 2 methods for termination of twins'Pinching' of one twin
Aborting pregnancy with prostaglandin injection - 49When can a pregnancy not be terminated?Once endometrial cups are formed, as this causes severe damage to the endometrium
- 50Give 5 ways of determining when foaling is imminentUdder development
'Waxing up'
Dripping of milk
Milk electrolytes can be monitored for increase in calcium
Foaling alarms which send a signal when the mare sweats - 51How long does Stage 1 labour last in mares?1-4 hours
- 52Give 4 signs of Stage 1 labourRestlessness
Looking at abdomen
Sweating
Frequent urination - 53Give 3 preparation procedures that need to be carried out once Stage 1 labour beginsBandage tail
Wash perineum
Open any Caslick's procedure - 54What happens during Stage 1 labour?Foal enters pelvic canal
Stimulates dilation of cervix and vulva, as well as progressive uterine contractions
Ends with rupture of allantois - 55How long is Stage 2 labour?Approximately 15 minutes
- 56What happens during Stage 2 labour?Strong contractions from uterus and voluntary abdominal contractions cause rupture of allantois at cervical star
Foal is born within amnion
Umbilicus breaks - 57What happens once the shoulders and body of the foal are expelled?Mare often rests with hind limbs retained
Allows foal's blood to return from placenta to its body - 58How long does Stage 3 labour last?Less than 3 hours
- 59Why may veterinary attention be required during Stage 3 labour?Retention of placenta for more than 6 hours
Retained foetal membranes can cause endotoxaemia resulting in colic - 60Give 3 properties of the equine placentaEpitheliochorial (6 layers)
Diffuse (villi covering placenta)
Non-deciduate (maternal and foetal layers separate) - 61Give the 6 layers of the equine placentaChorionic capillary endothelium
Chorionic connective tissue
Chorionic epithelium
Endometrial epithelium
Uterine connective tissue
Uterine capillary endothelium - 62Give 4 stimulants of neonatal foal breathingLow oxygen
High carbon dioxide
Cold of environment
Tactile stimulation by licking of dam - 63What is the respiratory rate of a foal?Shallow rhythmical breathing at rate of 60-70 breaths per minute within a minute
Deeper breathing at a rate of 30-40 breaths per minute within 4 hours - 64What is the heart rate of a foal?40-80 bpm at birth
Peak of 150 bpm when active
Resting rate of 80-100 bpm - 65What can be heard on auscultation of a foal's heart?Heart murmur persists until foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close
- 66How long should it take for a foal to stand?Within 30 minutes
- 67When are foals usually weaned?From 6 months
- 68What do all horses born since 2005 require?Passport and microchip
- 69What is the deadline for a foal's passport application?December 31st of year born
When foal is 6 months old (whichever is the later) - 70Give 6 features of a horse's passportOwner details
Microchip number
Identification certificate
Possibly photographs
Signature of owner and competent authority (vet)
Vet stamp - 71Which horses require a compulsory microchip?All horses born since 2009
- 72Where is a microchip placed?Mid crest from left side
Into nuchal ligament - 73Give 3 features of an identification silhouetteCircled 'M' for microchip placement
White markings indicated with red pen
Whorls indicated with black crosses
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- BVSc Year 1 (Animal Management) Flashcards on Equine Reproduction, created by Florence Edwards on 07/01/2016.
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- Florence Edwards
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