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Flashcards

Human Physiology Final

dchristerson89 English 339 cards

Cards in this deck (339)

  1. 1The average human has how much water in their body?40 L
  2. 2Water is dispersed into 3 containers, what are they and by how much?Intercellular Fluid:2/3
    Plasma:1/15
    Interstitial Fluid:4/15
  3. 3Can plasma proteins cross capillary beds?No, they are too big.
  4. 4What are the functions of Integral Proteins?1.Channel for Diffusion
    2.Transport Molecules
    3.Structural Support
    4.Enzymes/Receptors
  5. 5What does the Singer-Nicolson Fluid Mosaic Model do?Regulates what enters and exits the cell. It is less permeable then capillary walls.
  6. 6Capillary Walls use what to move molecules across boundaries?Simple Diffusion
    Osmosis
    Pressure Driven Flow
  7. 7Cell Membrane uses what to move molecules across boundaries?endo/exocytosis
    facilitated diffusion
    active transport
    co-transport
  8. 8If Surface Area, Gradient, or Permeability increase then...Diffusion Rate will increase
  9. 9If Surface Area, Gradient, or Permeability decrease then...Diffusion Rate will decrease
  10. 10If Diffusion Surface Size or Membrane Thickness increase...Diffusion Rate will decrease
  11. 11If Diffusion Surface Size or Membrane Thickness decrease...Diffusion Rate will increase
  12. 12Polar and Positive result in...Poor Permeability
  13. 13The 8å Rule states what?Anything larger than 8å cannot diffuse without assistance.
  14. 14Water follows what type of environment?Hypertonic
  15. 15What facilitates high to low concentration and requires facilitators?Facilitated Diffusion
  16. 16What is Cysteinuria?A disease characterized by cystein in urine.
  17. 17What facilitates a low to high concentration and requires ATPActive Transport
    (Na+/K+Pump)
  18. 18What are Ion Gates used for?To take back ions distributed by Ion Pumps.
  19. 19Somatic Motor Nervous System involves what?Signals regarding skeletal muscles.
  20. 20Autonomic Motor Nervous System involves what?Signals regarding smooth/cardiac muscles.
  21. 21The (Autonomic) Sympathetic Nervous System involves what?Emergency Responses "Fight or Flight" actions
  22. 22The (Autonomic) Parasympathetic Nervous System involves what?Vegetative Responses "Relax" actions
  23. 23Contain sensory neurons sending signals to CNS.Sensory Nerve
  24. 24Contains motor neurons sending signal away from CNS.Motor Nerve
  25. 25Contain both sensory/motor neuron sending signals.Mixed Nerve
  26. 26If the Cranial Area has: 12 Sensory 9 Somatic How many are mixed?9
  27. 27If the Spinal has: 31 Somatic 29 Sensory How many are mixed?29
  28. 28Integration involves...Only the Central Nervous System
  29. 29What is transduction?Converting stimulus into e- signals.
  30. 30What is modality?Translating e- signals as appropriate stimulus.
  31. 31What is adaptation?Decreased sensitivity to a continuous stimuli.
  32. 32What is phasic adaptation?Adaptations that occur quickly such as touch or smell.
  33. 33What is tonic adaptation?Adaptations that occur slowly such as pain or balance.
  34. 34What is intensity?The proportion to sensory response?
  35. 35What is population coding?The number of receptors stimulated.
  36. 36What is frequency coding?The affected receptors ability to send more signals.
  37. 37Pressure and Chemical Stimulation is activated by what?Enteroreceptors (inside)
  38. 38Sight and sound are stimulated by what?Enteroreceptors (outside)
  39. 39Balance is stimulated by what?Proprioceptors (inside/outside)
  40. 40Photoreceptors are stimulated bylight
  41. 41Thermoreceptors are stimulated bytemperature
  42. 42Nociceptors are stimulated bypain
  43. 43Mechanoreceptors are stimulated bymechanical distortion of receptors
    (stretch, pressure, touch, hearing, balance)
  44. 44What percentage of Nervous System Cells are made up of Glial Cells?50%
  45. 45What do Satellite Cells do?Support cell bodies of neuron in the PNF.
  46. 46What do Microglia do?They are modified monocytes or macrophages in the CNS.
  47. 47What is the function of Ependymal Cells?To produce cerebrospinal fluid.
  48. 48What are the two functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid?1. Shock Absorption
    2. Material Exchange
  49. 49What is the function of Astrocytes?Neuron Repair
    (most numerous Glial Cell)
  50. 50What is the function of Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes?To form myelin sheath around neurons.
  51. 51What is the conduction rate of a myelinated neuron?100m/sec
  52. 52What is the conduction rate of a unmyelinated neuron?1m/sec
  53. 53Part of the PNS Wraps around 1 neuron Has outer base membrane Helps with neuron regenerationSchwann Cell
  54. 54Part of the CNS Wraps around multiple neurons Has no outer base membrane Neuron regeneration is difficultOligodendrocyte
  55. 55What is Multiple Sclerosis?Autoimmune Disease that progressively degenerates CNS myelin.
  56. 56What are low levels of serotonin associated with?Clinical Depression
  57. 57What is the Norepinephrine/Epinephrine ratio in most synapse?95N/5E
  58. 58What is the Threshold Potential that allows Ion Gates to open?-50mV
  59. 59What is the Resting Membrane Potential?-70mV
  60. 60What is Nernst Potential?membrane voltage if ion of interest is free to move.
  61. 61What is the Nernst Potential of Na+ (Sodium)+60mV
  62. 62What is the Nernst Potential of K+?-90mV
  63. 63At what mV do Na+ Gates open and Depolarization begin?-50mV
  64. 64At what mV do Na+ Gates close, K+ Gates open, and Repolarization begin?+40mV
  65. 65At what mV do K+ Gates close?-70mV
  66. 66What kind of effect does ACH have on the heart and skeletal muscles?Heart: slows
    Muscle: contraction
  67. 67What effect does ACHE have on the heart and skeletal muscles?Heart:prevents heart from slowing too much
    Muscles: prevents excess contration
  68. 68What effect does Atropine have on heart?Prevents heart from slowing too much
  69. 69What is the function of MAO?Break down Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine
  70. 70What is the function of Pseudoephedrine?Sympathetic Mimic Alpha Receptors
  71. 71What is the function of Isoproterinol?Sympathetic Mimic Beta Receptors
  72. 72What does ACH bind to in the Neuromuscular Synapse prior to a muscle twitch?N2
  73. 73What does Ca+ bind to during a muscle contraction?Troponin
  74. 74What is ATP needed for during muscle contraction?Reload the Crossbridge
  75. 75When does relaxation occur in a muscle?After Ca+ is removed
  76. 76What causes Rigor-mortis?Ca+ being leaked causing contraction without ATP to facilitate muscle relaxation
  77. 77What are the functions of the Circulatory System?Transport
    Acid/Base Balance
    Thermoregulation
    Immune Response
  78. 78Where are major capillary beds found?Lungs
    Liver
    S. Intestine
    Kidneys
  79. 79Pressure Gradient of blood is...From high to low
  80. 80The left side of the heart is how much bigger then the right side?3 x with 10 x more pressure
  81. 81What is the function of the Coronary Vessels?To supply the heart/cardiac muscles with oxygenated blood.
  82. 82What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?SA Node
  83. 83What are the two types of cardiac muscles cells found in the heart?Contractile Cells:99%
    Autorhythmic Cells:1%
    (Purkinge Fibers)
  84. 84Neurogenicwhere a neuron causes the muscle to contract (skeletal muscle)
  85. 85Myogenicwhere contraction is initiated by the muscle itself
    (cardiac muscle)
  86. 86How quickly do signals move through the Perkinge Fibers?5m/sec
  87. 87What does syncytium mean?When many act as one.
  88. 88When does SLOW Ca+ ions become active in Conductile AP?-60mV
  89. 89When do FAST Ca+ ions become active in Conductile AP?-40mV
  90. 90When do K+ ions become active in Conductile AP?+20mV
  91. 91Why are both Ca+ and K+ ions released during Conductile AP?In order to prevent tetany.
  92. 92How long is the AV Node Delay?0.1 seconds
  93. 93How long does a Contractile AP last?250msec
  94. 94What is the Resting Membrane Potential during a Contractile AP?-90mV
  95. 95What is the Threshold during Contractile AP?-70mV
  96. 96When do Ca+/K+ ions become active in Contractile AP?+20mV
  97. 97What do AV Valves prevent?Flow from Ventricle back into Atria.
  98. 98What do Semilunar Valves prevent?flow from Artery to Ventricle
  99. 99If the pressure in Atria>then in VentricleOpen AV Valve
  100. 100If pressure in the AtriaClose AV Valve
  101. 101Pressure in Ventricle>then in ArteryOpen SL Valve
  102. 102Pressure in VentricleClose SL Valve
  103. 103What happens to make 1st sound of heart beatAtrial Valve Closing
  104. 104What happens to make 2nd sound of a heart beatSemilunar Valve Closing
  105. 105What is a murmur?An abnormal heart sound
  106. 106How long does a Cardiac Cycle last?0.8 seconds
  107. 107What is happening during systole?The heart is emptying
  108. 108What is happening during diastole?The heart is filling
  109. 109What is Active Filling?When 20% of Ventricles are filled by emptying the Atria in 0.1 seconds.
  110. 110What is Passive Filling?When 80% of Ventricles are filled in 0.7 seconds
  111. 111What is the highest pressure in the L. Ventricle Systole?120mmHg
  112. 112What is the lowest pressure in the L. Ventricle Diastole?0mmHg
  113. 113What is the End Diastolic Volume?135mL
  114. 114What is the End Systolic Volume?65mL
  115. 115What is the average Stroke Volume?70mL
  116. 116What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?The heart pumps all the blood that returns to it.
  117. 117What is Cardiac Output?SV*HR
  118. 118What is the average CO?5 L/5000mL
  119. 119What is the average blood volume for both males and females?Males: 5.5L
    Females:5.0L
  120. 120What causes Congestive Heart Failure?The heart not being able to pump the blood it needs returned to it
  121. 121What is Stroke Volume?The amount of blood leaving the heart
  122. 122What is Venus Return?the amount of blood returned to the heart
  123. 123What causes the P-Wave of a EKG?Atrial Depolarization
  124. 124What causes the QRS Complex of a EKG?Ventricle Depolarization and Atrial Repolarization
  125. 125What causes the T-Wave of a EKG?Ventricle Repolarization
  126. 126About what percentage of blood is in the heart?7%
  127. 127About what percentage of blood is in the pulmonary circuit?9%
  128. 128About what percentage of blood is in the systemic circuit?84%
  129. 129About what percentage of blood is in the arteries?15%
  130. 130About what percentage of blood is in the capillaries?5%
  131. 131About what percentage of blood is in the systemic veins?64%
  132. 132Why do the Great Elastic Arteries have Compliance (stretchability)?To dampen the systolic pressure
  133. 133Why do the Great Elastic Veins have Elasticity (Return to Shape)?To maintain diastolic pressure
  134. 134Why do Small Muscular Arteries and Arterioles have muscle layers?Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction
  135. 135What is the diameter of a Red Blood Cell?7 micrometers
  136. 136What is the diameter of a capillary?6 micrometers
  137. 137Why are veins a one way valve system?To aid in returning blood back to heart, due to low pressure
  138. 138What is the blood pressure when entering capillaries?37mmHg
  139. 139What is the blood pressure leaving the capillaries?17mmHg
  140. 140Where is surface area the highest?Capillaries
  141. 141Where is velocity the highest?Arteries
  142. 142Where is the blood volume the highest?Veins
  143. 143Where is permeability the highest?Capillaries
  144. 144Where is elasticity the highest?Arteries
  145. 145Where is smooth muscle thickness the highest?Arterioles
  146. 146How much plasma is lost per day due to Capillary Filtration?3L
  147. 147What is the daily lymph flow?3L/day
  148. 148Where is the HQ for White Blood Cells?Lymph Nodes
  149. 149What is edema?Build up of ISF
  150. 150What is Rheumatic Fever?autoimmune disease caused by streptococcus bacteria leading to digestion of valves
  151. 151What is responsible for the moment to moment BP regulation?Baroreceptors
  152. 152Blood Pressure=CO*TPR
  153. 153Total Peripheral Resistance=8ml/pi(r)
    m=viscosity
    l=vessel length
    r=vessel radius
  154. 154What is anemia?low viscosity in blood
  155. 155What is polycythemia?high viscosity in blood
  156. 156Gaining weight will cause a greater vessel length which leads to...higher TPR
  157. 157Where is the Cardio Vascular Center of the Brain?Medulla Oblongata
  158. 158What is Ischemia?Compromise in blood supply
  159. 159What is Streptokinase?A clot dissolver
  160. 160What is an Arrhythmia?abnormal conduction pattern
  161. 161What is Lidocaine?Na+ Blocker
  162. 162What is Verapamil?Ca+ Blocker
  163. 163What is Propranolol?Beta Receptor Blocker
  164. 164What is Atherosclerosis?abnormal rhythms
  165. 165What is values are considered Hypertension?140/90
  166. 166What is an inappropriate clot that attaches to a vessel wall called?Thrombus
  167. 167What is the average hematocrit percent ratio for males?Male: 45% RBC
    55% Whole
  168. 168What is the average hematocrit for females?42%RBC
    58% Whole
  169. 169What percentage of plasma is made up of water?91%
  170. 170What percentage of plasma is made up of salts?0.9%
  171. 171What percentage of plasma is made up of organic compounds?1.1%
  172. 172What percentage of plasma is made up of plasma proteins?7%
  173. 173What percentage of plasma proteins are Albumin?60%
  174. 174What percentage of plasma proteins are Globulin?36%
  175. 175What percentage of plasma proteins are Fibrinogen?4%
  176. 176What is the response to vessel injury called?Hemostasis
  177. 177What does Heprin do?prevents clots
  178. 178What does Plasmin do?dissolves clots
  179. 179What is the catalyst for Fibrinogen called?Thrombin
  180. 180How many RBC are there per mm3?5,000,000
  181. 181How many WBC per mm3?5,000-9,000
  182. 182How many platelets per mm3?300,000
  183. 183What is the lifespan of a RBC?120 Days
  184. 184What is the Hb/RBC ratio?280,000,000
  185. 185What is the production and death rate of RBCs?2,500,000/day
  186. 186Low oxygen levels will result in what?Kidneys producing Erythroproietin to stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs
  187. 187What is Iron transported by?Transferrin
  188. 188What does Iron combine with when stored in the liver?Ferritin
  189. 189What is Infant Jaundice called?Hemopoiesis
  190. 190How big is the respiratory dead space?150mL
  191. 191What is the normal breath volume?500mL
  192. 192What does "mouth breathing" result in?Poor cleaning, humidifying, and conditioning of air
  193. 193What does "nose breathing" result in?Poor air flow
  194. 194How many respiratory branches are in the conduction zone?23
  195. 195How many alveoli are there?300,000,000
  196. 196What is the surface area of alveoli?70m
  197. 197What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?Type 1: Diffusion Surface
    Type 2: Secrete Surfactant
    Type 3: Alveolar Macrophage
  198. 198What is the P02/PC02 of air entering the lungs?100/40mmHg
  199. 199What is the P02/PC02 of air leaving the lungs?40/46mmHg
  200. 200How much 02 and C02 is cycled per minute?250mL
  201. 201What is the oxygen diffusion rate?(60) steep gradient/low permeability
  202. 202What i stye CO2 diffusion rate?(6) shallow gradient/high permeability
  203. 20302 + Hb =Oxyhemoglobin due to Fe02
  204. 204Hemoglobin is attracted to what?high gas levels
  205. 205What is the saturation rate if P02=4075%
  206. 206What is the saturation rate if P02 = 10097.5%
  207. 207At 75% saturation rate, how many heme are still saturated?3/4
  208. 208Carbonmonoxide has how much greater affinity to Hb then O2?200x
  209. 209Where is the Respiratory Center located?Medulla Oblongotta
  210. 210What is the ventilation/perfusion ratio?It must remain equal
  211. 211Why can we not hod our breath until we die?Medulla Oblongata Cerebral Override
  212. 212What i stye Herring Reflex?stimulation of stretch receptors in aveloli
    high stretch=exhale
    low stretch=inhale
  213. 213What nerve carries signal from stretch receptors?Vagus Nerve
  214. 214What type of receptors are in the Medulla Oblongata and what are they activated by?Chemoreceptors activated by Hydrogen
  215. 215Which can cross the Blood Brain Barrier, C02 or H?C02
  216. 216Where are plasma proteins produced?Liver
  217. 217Where are gamma globulins produced?WBCs
  218. 218What is the partial atmospheric pressure (PATM)?760mmHg
  219. 219Oxygen makes up how much of the PATM?21%
  220. 220C02 make up how much of the PATM?0.3%
  221. 221If a large amount of 02 is being used, how much will the percent saturation decrease?67.5% to 30% value
  222. 222How long is the GI Tract?10 meters
  223. 223What are the major chemical processing of food?enzymes, acids, and salt
  224. 224What is the submucosa innervated by?Meissner's Plexus
  225. 225What is motility/peristalsis innervated by?Averbach's Plexus
  226. 226What are the 4 tunics of the gut?1. Mucosa
    2. Submucosa
    3. Muscularis
    4. Serosa
  227. 227What are the sites of mechanical processing of food?mouth and stomach
  228. 228What are the sites of chemical processing of food?mouth, stomach, small intestine
  229. 229What are the sites of food absorption?Small and Large Intestines
  230. 230What affect does the Parasympathetic N.S. have on motility?Increase
  231. 231What affect does the Sympathetic N.S. have on motility?Decrease
  232. 232What affect does the Parasympathetic N.S. have on blood flow?No Effect
  233. 233What affect does the Sympathetic N.S. have on blood flow?Decrease
  234. 234What affect does the Parasympathetic N.S. have on enzyme secretion rate?Increase
  235. 235What affect does the Sympathetic N.S. have on enzyme secretin rate?Decrease
  236. 236What types of drugs are used to regulate BP?Beta Receptor Blockers
    diuretics
    ACE Inhibitors
  237. 237What are the categories of Globulins?Alpha: transport
    Beta: blood clotting
    Gamma: antibodies
  238. 238What is the function of Albumin?transport bile salts, bilirubin, and penicillin
  239. 239What is the function of Fibrinogen?blood clotting
  240. 240What is an embolism?free floating clot
  241. 241What is a thrombus?clot that attaches to vessel wall
  242. 242What is hemophilia?genetic disorder enabling the production of Factor 8
  243. 243Renal Plasma Flow + Ureter Flow=Renal Artery Flow
  244. 244What absorption is done in the L. Intestine?Only water and salts
  245. 245Saliva kills bacteria with what?Bacteriolytic Enzymes
  246. 246What condition is characterized by the pancreatic duct becoming inflamed and enzymes become active and begin digesting the pancreas.Acute Pancreatitis
  247. 247What is cholera caused by?bacteria irritation in the L. Intestine
  248. 248What do the a and b cells produce in the pancreas?a:glucagon
    b:insulin
  249. 249Condition/Disease caused by inflammation, is viral, and repeated exposure to toxins.Hepatitis
  250. 250What is the pH level of the stomach?2.0
  251. 251Where are ulcers most commonly found in the G.I. Tract?S. Intestine
  252. 252What is the physical state ratio of feces?75% Water
    25% Solids
  253. 253What does gastrin do?It is a pro-digestive hormone that increases activity in the stomach, small, and large intestine
  254. 254What type of muscle do the anal sphincters have?Internal:Smooth
    External:Skeletal
  255. 255What is the solid material percentage of feces?30% Dead Bacteria
    10-20% Fat
    1-2% Protein
  256. 256What is pepsinogen?Inactive protease that breaks down once activated from acidic levels produced by Parietal Cells.
  257. 257What is the Transport Max?Glucose movement of 375mg/min
  258. 258What is Renal Threshold?Plasma concentration of glucose at 300mg/mL
  259. 259What is the percentage of cardiac output received by the kidneys?20-25%
  260. 260What is the result of excessively high K+ levels in the plasma?Adrenal Cortex produces Aldosterone which causes the kidneys to have a high K+ secretion, leading to increased Na+ reabsorption and K+ imbalance.
  261. 261What is reabsorption?The return of filtered material to the blood.
    124ml/min or 178.5L/day
  262. 262If ADH increases...water reabsorption, urine osmolarity, and permeability increase while urine volume decrease
  263. 263If ADH decreases...water reabsorption, permeability, and urine osmolarity decrease while urine volume increases
  264. 264What does ADH do and where is it produced?alters permeability to water and is produced in the hypothalamus
  265. 265How much of the mechanical processing is done in the stomach?50% the other 50% is in the mouth
  266. 266What effect does alcohol have on ADH?it blocks ADH release
  267. 267When is renin produced?when there is a low level of BP, Plasma Volume, and NaCl concentration
  268. 268ISF is progressively what through renal processing?Hypertonic
  269. 269What do the endocrine and exocrine glands produce in the pancreas?Endocrine:Hormones
    Exocrine: Non-Hormonal Product
  270. 270What is constipation caused by?Too much water removed and too little fiber in diet
  271. 271When do the DCT/CD become impermeable and permeable to water?impermeable:overhydration
    permeable:dehyrdation
  272. 272Where is the most important site for reabsorption?Proximal Condiluted Tubule
    (Not Regulated)
  273. 273Where are gastric juices produced and by how much per day?submucosal gland
    2L/day
  274. 274What percentage of adults contract diabetes mellitus?4-6%
  275. 275What percentage of diabetes contracted is Type I?10-20%
  276. 276What percentage of diabetes contracted is Type II?80-90%
  277. 277When Saturation Rate = 0Filtration = Reabsorption + Excretion
  278. 278What is the gradient between the ALH and ISF?200mosm
  279. 279What percentage of NaCl is reabsorbed in the Ascending Loop of Henley?15%
  280. 280What allows food to enter the S.Intestine when relaxed/open?Pyloric Sphincter
  281. 281How much bile does the liver produce per day?250-1500mL/day
  282. 282What are the cells produced by Gastric Glands and what is their functions?Goblet Cells: produce mucus
    G-Cells: secrete gastrin
    Chief Cells: secrete pepsinogen
    Parietal Cells: secrete acid and Intrinsic Factor
  283. 283What is responsible for the chemical processing of digestion in the mouth?Salivary Amylase
  284. 284What is responsible for lubrication in the mouth?Mucus/Mucin Protein
  285. 285All enzymes are secreted in what form? And are later activated by what kind of pH in the S. Intestine?Inactive
    Basic
  286. 286What factors make mammalian evolution so successful?1.Hair
    2.Mammary Glands
    3.Ability to produce variable concentrations of urine
  287. 287What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the Descending Loop of Henley?15%
  288. 288What is the only reason the stomach is needed to live?Due to the Intrinisic Factor produced by Parietal Cells which increases B12 absorption and Mitosis.
  289. 289How much material is processed per day?500mL/day
  290. 290How thick is the surface area of the S. Intestine?1 cell thick
  291. 291What is the minimum renal clearance?0mL/min
  292. 292What is the intermediate renal clearance?125ml/min
    (insulin)
  293. 293What is diabetes insipidus?breakdown of ADH mechanism leading to 20L/day urine volume
  294. 294What is the excretion rate?1mL/min
    1.5L/day
  295. 295What is the only activity that occurs in the esophagus?Paristalsis
  296. 296What color of blood reaches the liver from the Hepatic Portal Vein?Yellow
    (High Nutrients)
  297. 297What color blood reaches the liver from the body?Red
    (High oxygen)
  298. 298What color blood reaches the heart from the liver?Blue
  299. 299What percentage of basal metabolic rate is used and why?5-6%
  300. 300What is the flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing?Epiglottis
  301. 301What is the condition/disease characterized by scar tissue replacing hepatocytes?Cirrhosis
    (Chronic Hepatitis)
  302. 302What enzymes are found in the pancreatic juice and what do they metabolize?Protease
    Lipase
    Amylase
    Nuclease
  303. 303What does protease digest?trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
  304. 304What does lipase digest?phospholipase, lipase, cholestolesterase
  305. 305What does amylase digest?pancreatic amylase
  306. 306What does nuclease digest?ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
  307. 307What is the pH of the small intestines?8-10
  308. 308What is renal clearance?How effective the kidney removes solutes from the plasma.
  309. 309What are the 4 processes of urine formation?Filtration
    Reabsorption
    Secretion
    Excretion
  310. 310What is the Renal Plasma Flow per day?900L/day
    625mL/min
  311. 311What is secretion?A 2nd chance to remove unwanted material.
  312. 312What is the Filtration Fraction?20% Plasma Flow
    180L/day
  313. 313What is renin and where is it produced?Catalyst to convert Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin1
    produced in Kidneys
  314. 314Where is Angiotensinogen produced?Liver
  315. 315Where is Angiotensin Conversion Enzyme produced?Lungs
  316. 316What is the purpose of Angiotensin Conversion Enzyme produced?Catalyst to convert Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2
  317. 317What is the byproduct of bacteria in the L. Intestine and what is it used for?Vitamin K
    Clotting
  318. 318What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) per day?180L/day
    125mL/min
  319. 319What produces pancreatic juice and how much per day?Aciner Cells
    1-2L/day
  320. 320Where are all macronutrients reabsorbed and by how much?Proximal Condiluted Tubule
    65%
  321. 321If Arial Stretch Receptors are activated what is released?Atrial Natriuretic Factor
  322. 322How much material leaves the body per day?150mL
  323. 323How much of the 500mL of material processes is reabsorbed in the L. Intestine?350mL
  324. 324What allows food to enter the stomach when relaxed/open?Cardiac Sphincter
  325. 325What dictates when food can enter the S. Intestine and how much food can enter at one time?Gastroenteric Reflex
    50mL
  326. 326What is the volume of the stomach when empty?50mL
  327. 327What is the volume of the stomach when full?1000mL
  328. 328What is the cause of diarrhea?too little water is removed
  329. 329What type of cells are produced in the Portal System?Hepatocytes: Metabolism
    Kupffer Cells: Macrophages
  330. 330What allows for chemical processing in the stomach?Acid and Enzymes
  331. 331What is the maximum renal clearance?625ml/min
  332. 332What is the osmolarity of the cortex?300mosm
  333. 333How many nephron are there per kidney?1,000,000
  334. 334What categorizes infertility?20,000,000 semen/mL
  335. 335How many sperm are there per ejaculation?300,000,000
  336. 336What percentage of testes mass is made up of the Seminferous Tubules?80%
  337. 337What do Leydig Cells produce?Androgen and Testosterone
  338. 338What do bulbourethral glands produce?mucus for lubrication
  339. 339What is produced by the seminal vesicles?fructose and prostiglandins to provide energy for semen and inhibit smooth muscle contractions

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Flashcards on Human Physiology Final, created by dchristerson89 on 10/12/2013.
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