Flashcards
AGGRESSION RESEARCH
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1Irwin and Cressey (1962) The Importation Model - Institutional AggresionPrisoners bring their own social background into the prison environment, so much of the aggressive behaviour in prisons is very similar to the behaviour of those individuals in wider:
- The Criminal Subculture -
-The Convict Subculture -
-The 'Straight' Subculture - - 2Keller and Wang (2005) The Importation Model EVALUATION - Institutional AggresionHigh security prisons have a greater number of assaults on staff than low security prisons, suggesting prisoners behave in the manor that put them in a high security prison (personality is 'imported' into the prison.
- 3Harer and Steffendmeier (2006) The Importation Model EVALUATION - Institutional AggresionCollected data from 58 US prisons and found that black inmates had higher rates of violent behaviour but much lower rates of drug related misconduct than white inmates, which parallells racial differences in wider society.
- 4The Five Deprivations of the Prison Environment - Institutional Aggression- Liberty -
- Autonomy -
- Goods and Services -
-Heteorsexual Relationships -
- Security - - 5Richards (2007) The Deprivation Model EVALUATION - Institutional AggressionExamined data from 900 US prisons between 1984 and 1995. Found that some inmate programmes increased violence while others decreased it, suggesting that the individual characteristics of the prison account for aggressive behaviour.
- 6McCorkle et al (1995) The Deprivation Model EVALUATION - Institutional AgressionInvestigated the relative strength of the 'Deprivation' and 'Management' models of situational aggression. Looked at 371 US prisons, studying individual and collective violence. Found that the deprivation model was not effective at explaining violent behaviour, but there was a stronger link between management style and violence.
- 7Diener (1980) / Le Bon (1896) Dindividuation Theory - Psychological ApproachOccurs when one loses their sense of self-awareness and identity, causing them to beahve irrationaly (sometimes aggressively). Diener suggested that this occurs when self-awarness is suppressed by external events. Factors important for deindividuation are:
- Increased Arousal -
- External Focus -
- Strong Group Feelings -
- Anonymity - - 8Prentice-Dunn and Rogers (1982) Deindividuation Theory EVALUATION - Psychological ApproachDistinguished between two types of self-awareness, public and private. They argue that a reduction in either can cause aggressive behaviour but deindividuation can only occur when private self-awarness is suppressed.
- 9Mullen (1986) Deindividuation Theory EVALUATION - Psychological ApproachAnalysed newspaper cutting of 60 lynchings in the US from 1899-1946. He found that the greater the size of the mob the more 'savagely' thier victims were killed.
- 10Bandura (1965) Social Learning Theory - Psychological ApproachAggressive behaviour is learnt either by direct experience or vicariously through the actions of another individual. Learning is done via operant conditioning. For vicarious learning to take place certain conditions must be met:
- Attention -
- Retention -
- Production -
- Motivation - - 11Bandura, Ross and Ross (1963) SLT EVALUATION - Psychological ApproachBobo Doll Study
... - 12Jacobs et al (1965) XYY - BiologicalIncidence of XYY chromosome among prison inmates was approx 3% whereas it is estimated to occur in 0.1% of the normal population. Further research showed that these men were taller, had higher levels of testosterone and lower intelligence.
- 13Witken et al (1976) XYY EVALUATION - BiologicalFound no link between between XYY and increased aggression, but did find it was associated with lower intelligence. They therefore suggested that individuals with XYY were worse criminals and more likely to caught and convicted, explaining the higher proportion in prisons.
- 14Cases et al (1995) MAOA - BiologicalDisabled the MAOA gene in an X chromosome of mice and found that males became highly aggressive. Females were unaffected by the procedure (refer to sex linkage of genes [Biology]).
- 15McDermott et al (2008) MAOA - BiologicalFound that participants with a MAOA-L gene displayed greater levels of aggression in response to provocation than those with the MAOA-H gene.
- 16McEllistrem (2004)Much of the literature on aggression is problematic because researchers are often vague on the type of aggression they are investigating. There is some degree of inconsistency in the terminology and definitions used in human research.
- 17Narabayashi et al (1972) - Biological43 out of 51 patients who had recieved operations to destroy their amygdala showed more normal social behaviour, including reduced aggression.
- 18LeDoux (1996) - BiologicalSustained electrical stimulation of the amygdala in lab animals usually results in fear and rage responses.
- 19Mark and Ervin (1970) - BiologicalCase study of a female patient who, during electrical stimulation of the amygdala, became very angry and attcked her psychiatrist.
- 20Soderstrom et al (2000) - BiologicalFound frontal and temproal lobe dysfunction in impulsive and violent prisoners.
- 21Raine et al (1997) - BiologicalInvestigated the brain activity of 41 murderers using PET scans. They found reduced glucose metabolism in the cells of the prefrontal cortex.
- 22Viding and Frith (2006) - BiologicalThere are genetic factors underlyong individual differences in aggression, however these are only predispositions towards aggression. Therefore they suggest that aggressive behaviour is most likely to manifest itself with both genetic factors and environmental stimuli in place (i.e. MAOA + childhood maltreatment)
- 23Mann et al (1990) - BiologicalGave 35 healthy subjects dexfenfluramine, which is known to deplete serotonin. Using quesstionnaires, high hostility and aggression levels were found to be associated with dexfenfluramine treatment in males.
- 24Bond (2005) - BiologicalFound that antidepressant drugs (in clinical trials) that elevate serotonin levels tend to reduce irritability and impulsive aggression.
- 25Buitelaar (2003) - BiologicalAntipsychotics, reduce reduce the levels of dopamine in the brain, have been shown to reduce aggressive behaviour in violent deliquents.
- 26......
- 27Maxwell and Viscek (2009) Group Display - Evolutionary144 rugby union players questioned aboout their use of aggression in games. Some players had learnt how to execute illegal moves without being caught. Evolutionary theory supports the idea of cheating as adaptive response, as the cheaters are more likely to win and therefore gain status and resources.
- 28Cialdini et al (1976) Group Display - EvolutionaryFound that when a university football team had done well students from the university showed a greater tendency to wear clothes that identified them as belonging to that university (basking in reflected glory). However when the team had lost the supporters were more likely to distance themselves from the failure.
- 29MacDonald (1992) Group Display (Xenophobia) - EvolutionaryIt is adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders, because the 'overperception' of threats is less costly than 'underperception' (overestimation of an 'enemy' compared to underestimation of an 'enemy')
- 30Evans and Rowe (2002) Group Display (Xenophobia) - EvolutionaryAnalysed data from post match reprots and interviews with senior police at 40 football games played in continental europe, involing either the English national team or an English club side. They found that there was a much greater degree of disorder at international games than club games. This may be attributed to the influence of nationalism and xenophobia.
- 31Li and Kenrick (2006) - EvolutionaryMany males use aggression as a method of ascending staus hierachies by 'warding off' other male. Possessing high staus makes a male a very good provider and protector, so very attractive to females.
- 32Wilson and Daly (1985) - EvolutionaryIn 58 of the 214 cases of murder in Detroit (1972) sexual jealousy was the underlying factor, usually involving two males contesting a female partner.
- 33Miller (1980) - EvolutionaryOf 44 battered wives living in a women's hostelin Ontario, 55% cited jealousy as the reason for their husband's aggressive behaviour. Actual infidelity on the part of the woman was the reason in 11 of the cases, but beatings were often motivated by suspicion and fear of adultery.
- 34Hill and Hurtado (1996) - EvolutionaryIn the ache people of Paraguay, children are 5 times more likely to die if their mother dires. If the mother dies before the age of 1 the mortality rate for the infant is 100%. Threrefore females (EEA) must be capable of aggressive behaviour to ensure their own survibal and therefore the survival of their offspring.
- 35Griskevicius et al (2001) - EvolutionaryA survey of 153 college students confirmed that males are 4x more likely to use direct physical aggression than females. Females were also more likely to walk away from a confrontation or apply indirect aggrssion.
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- GCSE A-level/GCSE stuff pls ignore Flashcards on AGGRESSION RESEARCH , created by Luke Marney on 22/01/2016.
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