Chapter 27 Flashcards

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PSYB65 Flashcards on Chapter 27 Flashcards, created by andreaarose on 13/12/2013.
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Question Answer
The mind-body problem Dualists and monists
Schizophrenia Delusions, disorganized speech, behaviour and blunted emotions
Structural abnormalities in schizophrenic brains Lighter, enlarged ventricles, reduced number of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and abnormal structure in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
Biochemical abnormalities in schizophrenia Dopamine, glutamate and GABA
Acute schizophrenia Type I - positive symptoms, responsive to neuroleptics.
Chronic schizophrenia Type II - negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia and development Develops during late adolescence and is a combination of genes and environment.
Assessment and schizophrenia Poor performance on long term verbal/non verbal memory and poor frontal lobe functioning.
Clinical depression Feelings of worthlessness, behavioural slowing.
Mania Excessive euphoria, hyperactivity.
Bipolar disorder Periods of depression and mania.
Neurochemical aspects of depression Reduction of monoamines, brain derived neurotrophic factors, oversecretion of cortisol
Fluoxetine Stimulates BDNF and neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) Down regulated by stress and affects functioning of monoamine synapses.
Hypothalamic-adrenal system (HPA axis) Oversecretion of cortisol creates chronic stress.
Decreased activity in dorsolateral and medial prefrontal regions Occurs in depression, causes reduced memory and attention.
Increased activity in orbital regions Occurs in depression. Inhibits amygdala activity and breaks persistent negative thoughts.
Increased activity in amygdala Occurs in depression and increases HPA axis activity.
Increased activity in medial thalamus Occurs in depression
Sleep cycle Occurs in depression, altered due to lowered serotonin levels.
Thyroid hormone Occurs in depression, decrease in production may influence mood.
Neurobiological aspects of bipolar disorder Decrease in grey matter in the temporal lobe and cerebellum.
Sensitization model Bipolar patients are sensitive to stress and drugs. There is a link between psychomotor stimulants and mania.
Kaplan and colleagues Mood symptoms are related to errors in metabolism and gene expression and long latency effects of nutritional abnormalities.
Psychiatric symptoms of cerebral vascular disease Post stroke patients experience depression, generalized anxiety disorder, catastrophic reaction and pathological affect
Psychosurgery Destruction of a region of the brain to alleviate psychiatric symptoms.
Neurosurgery Brain surgery intended to repair damage to alleviate symptoms.
Egas Moniz Prefrontal lobotomy
Modern psychosurgery On smaller lesions, rarely performed and does not replace abnormal activity with normal activity.
Hyperkinetic Increase motor activity
Hypokinetic Loss of movement
Huntington's chorea Intellectual deterioration and abnormal movements. There is reduction of activity and a restriction of interest.
Movements in Huntington's chorea Entail whole limbs, irregular.
Behavioural symptoms of Huntington's chorea Personality changes, bipolar and schizophrenic like psychoses.
Brain abnormalities in Huntington's chorea Shrinkage of the cortex, atrophy of the basal ganglia, imbalance in GABA and ACh, poor performance on memory and frontal lobe tests.
Stages of Tourette's syndrome Multiple tics, inarticulate cries are added then articulate words (echolalia/coprolalia)
Echolalia Repeating what others say
Coprolalia Obscene or lewd speech.
Tourette's syndrome Age of onset is 2-15, not associated with neuroses, psychoses or other disorders. Abnormalities in cognitive functions - RH.
Subcortical origin of Tourette's syndrome Small cells in the basal ganglia
Treatment of Tourette's syndrome Antidopaminergic drugs, norepinephrine receptor agonists.
Parkinson's disease Degeneration of the substantia nigra and loss of dopamine.
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease Rigidity, tremor, akinesia, postural disturbances.
Akinesia Loss of voluntary activity.
Positive symptoms of Parkinson's disease Resting tremor, muscular rigidity (cogwheel) and involuntary movements.
Akathesia Cruel restlessness, positive symptom of Parkinson's.
Oculogyric crisis Involuntary turns of the head and eyes to the side, positive symptom of Parkinson's.
Negative symptoms of Parkinson's disease Disorders of posture (fixation, equilibrium), righting, locomotion (festination) and speech.
Festination Involuntary quickening of gait.
Progression of Parkinsonism Begins with tremors in the hand, face becomes mask like. Progresses over 10-20 years, on again off again.
Idiopathic causes of Parkinson's Familial or viral origin.
Postencephalitic causes of Parkinson's Occurs after encephalitis.
Drug induced causes of Parkinson's Heroin, major tranquilizers or environmental toxins.
Cause of Parkinson's Depletion of dopamine.
Treatment of Parkinson's disease Physical and pharmacological therapy, stem cell research and deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Pharmacological therapy in Parkinson's Increases dopamine function and blocks cholinergic system.
Cognitive functions of Parkinson's disease Behavioural slowing, symptoms similar to frontal/basal ganglia lesions. Also impaired on the WAIS
WAIS Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale
Dementia Memory and other cognitive deficits, impairment in social and occupational functioning.
Degenerative dementias Intrinsic to the nervous system, affects CNS selectively.
Nondegenerative dementias Diverse etiologies
Alzheimer's disease Most prevalent form of dementia
Neuritic plaques Found in the cortex during Alzheimer's cognitive decline. Amyloid surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments.
Paired helical filaments Found in the cortex and hippocampus during Alzheimer's.
Neocortical changes in Alzheimer's Shrinkage of the cortex that is not uniform.
Paralimbic cortex changes in Alzheimer's Degeneration of the limbic system and entorhinal cortex
Cell changes in Alzheimer's disease Shrinking of neurons and loss of dendritic aborzations.
Neurotransmitter changes in Alzheimer's Reduction in two or more transmitter systems - ACh, noradrenaline, DA, 5HT and glutamate receptors.
Putative causes of Alzheimer's disease Genetics, trace metals, immune reactions, blood flow and abnormal proteins.
Trace metals and Alzheimer's Increased concentration of aluminum
Immune reactions and Alzheimer's Antibrain antibodies that cause neuronal degeneration.
Blood flow and Alzheimer's Decrease in blood flow to the brain.
Abnormal proteins and Alzheimer's Increase production of abnormal proteins that accumulate in the brain.
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