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Flashcards

Cardiovascular System II - Lecture 2

Afronewtzz Anamatomic Science 1B Degree English 55 cards

Describe the properties of both the fibrous and the serous pericardium.

Cards in this deck (55)

  1. 1What is the pericardium?The membrane surrounding and protecting the heart.
  2. 2Describe the properties of both the fibrous and the serous pericardium.- Fibrous = Tough, inelastic, dense, irregular connective tissue..
    - Serous = Thin, delicate (membrane), consists of the parietal and the visceral layer - it is the parietal (outer) layer which fuses to the fibrous pericardium.    Describe the properties of both the fibrous and the serous pericardium.
  3. 3What is another name for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?Epicardium.
  4. 4List 4 of the functions of the pericardium.- Stabilisation of the heart from the ligamentous attachments.
    - Protection of the heart from both mechanical trauma and from infection of neighbouring adjoining structures.
    - The pericardinal fluid functions as a lubricant and decreases friction during systole and diastole.
    - Prevention of excessive dilation of the heart during sudden rise in intra-cardiac volume (i.e. acute aortic or mitral regurgitation).
  5. 5Desribe the attachment of the fibrous, the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the pericardium together/ to the heart.- The parietal layer of the pericardium attaches to the fibrous pericardium.
    - The visceral layer of the serous pericardium attaches firmly to the heart.
  6. 6Where is the pericardial fuid contained?Within the closed sac between the fibrous and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium.
    (for lubrication)
  7. 7Describe the epicardium.- External layer of the heart wall.
    - Visceral layer of the serous perciardium.
    - Smooth, slippery texture to outermost surface.
  8. 8What is the myocardium and what % of the heart is it?- Heart muscle
    - 95%
  9. 9What is the endocardium?- Inner layer of the heart wall.
    - Makes up the smooth lining for chambers of the heart, valves and continuous with the lining of large blood vessels.
  10. 10What is the trabeculae carneae?Irregular bundles of muscles projecting into the ventricle from the myocardium.What is the trabeculae carneae?
  11. 11How are muscle cells connected?- At their ends and sides with branches by intercalated discs.How are muscle cells connected?
  12. 12How would you describe the heart muscle?Striated muscle.
  13. 13What is meant by intercalated discs of the heart muscle?A part of the cell membrane with low electrical resistance which contract synchronously.
  14. 14What is meant by involuntary contractions of the heart?It is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
  15. 15What is cardiac tamponade?- Accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardinal space (of the serous pericardium).
    - The heart is compressed by the increased fluid and is unable to expand.
  16. 16What are the 5 main types of blood vessel?- Arteries
    - Arterioles
    - Capillaries
    - Venules
    - Veins
  17. 17What is the main function of the arteries, the capillaries and the veins?- Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart.
    - Capillaries = Site of nutrient exchange.
    - Veins = Carry blood to the heart.
  18. 18What are the main differences between the vessel structure of the arteries, the veins and the capillaries?- Arteries - Possesses an internal elastic lamina; a thicker smooth muscle layer in the tunica media; an external elastica lamina of the tunica media AND a thicker tunica externa..
    - Veins - No internal elastic lamina; a thinner smooth muscle layer in the tunica media AND a thinner tunica externa.
    - Capillaries - Endothelium + Basement membrane.    What are the main differences between the vessel structure of the arteries, the veins and the capillaries?
  19. 19What are the main features of an elastic artery?- Facilitates continuous flow.
    - Thin walled.
    - Large diameter (>1cm).
    - A lot of elastin in the tunica media.
    - Less smooth muscle in the tunica media.
  20. 20Name 6 examples of elastic arteries.- Aorta
    - Pulmonary trunk
    - Brachiocephalic
    - Common carotid
    - Subclavian
    - Common iliac
  21. 21Describe the difference between muscular arteries and elastic arteries.Tunica media contains:
    - More smooth muscle
    - Fewer elastic fibres
    - Thicker walls
    - Greater capability of vasoconstriction/ vasodilation to adjust rate of bloodflow.
    ...than elastic arteries.
  22. 22What is the other name for a muscular artery?A distributing artery.
  23. 23What is meant by anastomoses?- Union of branches of 2 or more supplying the same body region.
    - It provides alternate routes.
    - A collateral circulation.
  24. 24What are arterioles?- Abundant microscopic vessels.
  25. 25What are metarterioles?- Precapillary sphincter which monitor blood flow into the capillary.
  26. 26What is meant by sympathetic innervation?Local chemical mediators which can alter diameter and thus, blood flow and resistance within the arterioles.
  27. 27What are resistance vessels?Those which provide resistance in opposition to blood flow i.e. arterioles, metarterioles.
  28. 28What is the purpose of vasoconstriction?To rise blood pressure levels.
  29. 29Describe the venules.- Drains the capillary beds.
    - 50 - 100 micrometres.
    - Endothelium + a few smooth muscle cells + collagen in aventitia.
  30. 30Describe a small/ medium vein.- 0.1 - 10mm
    - Capacitance vessel.
    - Endothelium + smooth muscle + collagen in the adventitia.
  31. 31Describe a large vein.- >1cm
    - Can store an electrical charge (capacitance).
    - Contains a lot less smooth muscle and elastin than arteries of the same size.
  32. 32Why are veins always located next to a space?- Gives room for expansion.
  33. 33What is atherosclerosis ?- Fatty material accumulating on the endothelium of the blood vessel - causing a narrowing of the vessel i.e. arteriosclerosis.
  34. 34What is an Aortic dissection?- A potentially life-threatening condition in which a tear in the tunica intima, causes it to separate from the media.
  35. 35What is an aneurysm?A localised dilation of an artery caused by a weakness mainly in the tunica media.
  36. 36What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?Regulates and monitors involuntary movement of the heart, smooth muscles and glands - made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system.
  37. 37What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system?Prepare for emergency, 'fight or flight', acute stress response.
  38. 38What is the purpose of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?To conserve and restore energy.
  39. 39What happens when the sympathetic nervous system kicks in?- Heart rate increases; peripheral blood vessels constrict, blood pressure increases and the airway is widened.
  40. 40What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in?- Heart rate slows down, there is an increase in peristalsis of the intestine etc..
  41. 41Where are the pre- synaptic neurons' cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS located in the body?In the spinal cord, in the lateral column at the T1-L2 levels.
  42. 42Whereabouts are the post-synaptic neurons' cell bodies of the sympathetic NS located in the body?In the sympathetic chain in the thorax.
  43. 43What are the spinal nerves T1-4 responsible for in the body?For conveying sympathetic regulation to the heart.
  44. 44Where are the sympathetic ganglia located in the body?- Lie lateral to the vertebral bodies on the posterior thoracic wall.
    - There are neuronal connections above and below the ganglion which make a chain structure.    Where are the sympathetic ganglia located in the body?
  45. 45Whereabouts are the pre-synaptic neurons' cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS located in the body?Mostly in the brain.
  46. 46Whereabouts are the post-synaptic neurons' cell bodies of the parasympathetic NS located in the body?Close to the organ.
  47. 47What is the vagus nerve?Responsible for conveying parasympathetic regulation o the heart.
  48. 48What are the functions of the sympathetic nerves in the heart?- Increase the heart rate.
    - Cause strong strokes of the heart.
    - Constriction of most of the peripheral vessels.
    - Increase in blood pressure.
  49. 49What are the functions of the parasympathetic nerves on the heart?- Opposite effect to sympathetic >> causes a decrease in blood pressure.
  50. 50Describe the 4 stages in the conducting system.- Impulse initiated at the Sinoatrial node/ SA - causing Atrial contractions.
    - Impulse received by the atrioventricular/ AV node.
    - Via AV bundle and its branches, the impulse reaches the interventricular septum.
    - Impulse travels via Purkinje fibres to the myocardium and papillary muscles, causing ventricular contraction.    Describe the 4 stages in the conducting system.
  51. 51What is another name for the Atrioventricular bundle?Bundle of His
  52. 52What is the annulus fibrosus?Fibrous ring surrounding the valves.
    > It separates the atria, ventricles and the great vessels.
  53. 53Why does the impulse from the heart only travel through the AV-bundle and not through all of the A-V?Because the muscle fibres are not continuous.
  54. 54Where are the following arteries located: - Radial - Carotid - Brachial - Femoral ?- Radial = Wrist
    - Carotid = Neck
    - Brachial = Elbow
    - Femoral = Groin
  55. 55—

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Degree Anamatomic Science 1B Flashcards on Cardiovascular System II - Lecture 2, created by Afronewtzz on 31/01/2016.
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