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Description
Flashcards by andreaarose, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by andreaarose
almost 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Sensory receptors | Specialized cells that transduce, or convert sensory energy into neural activity |
| Receptors are energy filters | Respond to a narrow band of energy. |
| Transduction of energy in vision | Light is converted to chemical energy in the photoreceptors |
| Transduction of energy in audition | Air pressure waves are converted into mechanical energy which activates the auditory receptor cells |
| Transduction of energy in somatosensory | Mechanical energy activates mechanoreceptors |
| Transduction of energy in taste and olfaction | Chemical molecules in the air and food fit into receptors |
| Transduction of energy in pain | Tissue damage releases a chemical that acts like a neurotransmitter to activate pain fibers |
| Receptive field | Specific part of the world to which a sensory receptor responds, a “unique” view of the world for each sensory system, locate sensory events in space |
| Rapidly adapting receptors | Detect when something is there, easily activated but stop responding quickly |
| Slowly adapting receptors | Adapt more slowly to stimulation. |
| Exteroceptive | Receptors that respond to external stimuli |
| Interoceptive | Receptors that respond to internal stimuli, interprets meaning of external stimuli |
| Optic flow | Stimulus configuration or visual information when we run |
| Auditory flow | Changes in intensity of a sound because of our changing location |
| Neural relays | Receptors connect to the cortex through a sequences of neurons, sensory systems to interact and produce relevant actions |
| Pain receptors in the spinal cord | Trigger reflexes that produce withdrawal movements. |
| Pain pathways in the periaqueductal grey matter | Trigger behavioural activation and emotional responses. |
| Gating | Takes place at relays and inhibits sensory information. Produced by descending signals from the cortex. |
| Relays allow sensory interactions | Information gets modified by competing signals from other senses - Mcgurke effect |
| Mcgurke effect | When the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound |
| Sensory information | Amount of increase in discharge rate of neuron = stimulus intensity, qualitative changes encoded by different neurons |
| Synthesia | Mixing of the senses |
| Density and sensitivity | Higher density of sensory receptors leads to increased sensitivity |
| Two point sensitivity | Ability to recognize the presence of two pencil points close together |
| Fovea | Increased density of cone cells, increases ability to make sensitive color discrimination in bright light |
| Peripheral retina | Increased density of rod cells, increased sensitivity for light |
| Topographic organization | Neural spatial representation of the body or areas of the sensory world |
| Sensory systems and multiple representations | They have one primary cortical area and secondary areas. |
| Secondary areas | Performs specific aspects of the sensory modality |
| Photoreceptors | Located in the retina - there are rods and cones. |
| Rods | Sensitive to dim light, night vision, located in the peripheral retina |
| Cones | Sensitive to bright light, day vision and color vision, densely packed in the fovea |
| Bipolar cells | Synapse with the rods and cones, send information to ganglion cells |
| Ganglion cells | Send axons to the brain proper, axons form the optic nerve |
| Geniculostriate pathway | Optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm, right half of each eye’s visual field is transmitted to the LH, while the left half of each eye’s visual field is transmitted to the RH. Also relays through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). |
| Lateral geniculate nucleus | projects to the primary visual cortex or striate cortex or V1 |
| V1 | Also primary visual cortex or striate cortex. Takes part in pattern recognition and conscious visual functions. Contains a retinoptic map of the visual field - it is upside down. |
| Tectopulvinar pathways | Optic nerve projects to the superior colliculus, reaches visual areas in the temporal and parietal lobes through relays in the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus. It detects stimuli and helps orient us to stimuli |
| Auditory receptors | Detect the frequency, amplitude, and complexity of air-pressure waves |
| Frequency | Pitch - closer waves are = higher. |
| Amplitude | Loudness - height of waves. |
| Complexity | Timbre - mixture of frequencies |
| Outer ear | Pinna and external ear canal. |
| Middle ear | Eardrum and the ossicles. |
| Ossicles | Hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
| Inner ear | Oval window and cochlea |
| Cochlea | Hair cells (sensory receptor cells), basilar membrane, organ of Corti |
| Tonotopic theory | Different points on the basilar membrane and in the cortex represent different sound frequencies |
| Auditory pathways | Axons of hair cells form the auditory nerve Auditory nerve projects nuclei in the hindbrain. Axons project to the inferior colliculus and then relay through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. Pathways project to the primary and secondary auditory cortex |
| Nocioception | Encoding and processing pain |
| Hapsis | Perception and manipulation of objects using touch |
| Proprioception | Position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement |
| Wilder Penfield | Stimulated the somatosensory cortex in epileptic patients and topographically mapped SI |
| Homunculus | “Little Human” – Disproportionate sizes, larger area = higher sensitivity |
| Vestibular system | Located in the inner ear, allows us to perceive our own motion and maintain balance. Consists of the semicircular canals and otolith organs |
| Semicircular canals and otolith organs | Contain hair cells that bend when we move |
| Vestibular system pathway | Hairs cells project to the 8th cranial nerve to nuclei in the brainstem, connections to the midbrain and cerebellum |
| Taste buds | Sweet, sour, salty, bitter. |
| Smell receptors | The olfactory epithelium, is composed of receptor hair cells and supporting cells |
| Gustatory pathway | Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 7 leave the tongue and enter the solitary tract. One route projects to SI and SII (in the insular cortex) via the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. One route projects to the amygdala and lateral hypothalamus |
| Olfactory pathways | Axons of olfactory receptor relays synapse in the olfactory bulb. It sends projections to the pyriform cortex, the amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. |
| Pyriform cortex | projects to the orbitofrontal cortex via the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus |
| Perception | The subjective experience of the transduction of sensory stimuli |
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