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Description
Flashcards by Josefina Gonzalez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Josefina Gonzalez
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| WHAT IS A VACCINATION? | a biological suspension of weakened or killed pathogens or their components. |
| A VACCINATION CAN BE WHAT? | purified protein subunits, conjugated and non-conjugated polysaccharides, or split virions |
| ATTENUATED MEANS? | THE VACCINE HAS BEEN ALTERED TO PREVENT DISEASE |
| WHAT IS THE GOAL OF ADMINISTERING VACCINES? | to produce artificially acquired, active immunity to a specific disease |
| WHAT IS THE EARLIEST HOST RESPONSE TO VACCINATION? | innate immune response |
| WHO REGULATES VACCINE PRODUCTS? | The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) |
| TO BE APPROVED BY THE FDA, WHAT REQUIREMENTS MUST A VACCINE MEET? | Produce protective immunity with only minimal side effect; Be immunogenic enough to produce a strong and measurable immune response; Be stable during its shelf life, with potency remaining at a proper level; Inactivated vaccines are stored in powdered form and are reconstituted before administration; Live, attenuated vaccines require refrigeration |
| Classic preventive vaccines are designed to? | mimic the effects of natural exposure to microbes |
| Antigenic drift means? | VIABILITY IS CHANGED BECAUSE THE ANTIGENS DO NOT ACT AS EXPECTED |
| S. pyogenes is? | classified as a group A strep and a gram-positive coccus (round) and the serotype most frequently associated with human infection |
| Lancefield divided these beta-hemolytic streptococci into serogroups A through O on what? | the basis of the immunologic action of the cell wall carbohydrate |
| Streptolysin O (SLO)? | Binds to sterols in the RBC membrane producing submicroscopic homes where hemoglobin diffuses |
| Streptolysin S? | Responsible for the beta (clear-appearing) hemolysis on blood agar plates |
| Hyaluronidase is? | Called spreading factor, breaks down hyaluronic acid found in host’s connective tissue |
| Streptokinase is? | Dissolve clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin |
| Erythrogenic toxin is? | Expounded by scarlet fever associated strains and is responsible for the rash seen |
| one of the most common and ubiquitous (everywhere) of human pathogens? | S. pyogenes |
| what are the signs and symptoms of strep? | • Upper respiratory infection • Impetigo and cellulitis Older lesions are dark and encrusted |
| scarlet fever characteristics? | Result of pharyngeal infection with Signs and symptoms being the same as pharyngitis with an added rash |
| Complications of S. pyogenes infection? | Acute rheumatic fever occurs after upper respiratory infection and Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after pharyngitis or skin infections |
| Antistreptolysin O (ASO) | ◦ Most infected patients have increased concentration of antibody against SLO ◦ Low titers can be seen by apparently healthy persons because of the frequency of subclinical infections (no signs and symptoms). The concentration of antibody (titer) begins to rise about 7 days after the onset of infection and reaches a maximum after 4 to 6 weeks |
| An elevated ASO titer indicates? | a relatively recent infection |
| Anti-DNase B (ADN-B)? | Some may demonstrate normal ASO titer but increased AntiDNase titer |
| Laboratory diagnosis of S. pyogenescan be made by? | Culturing of throat or nasal specimens; ASO procedure; Anti–DNase B (ADN-B) |
| in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, what causes the "shock-like" symtpomes? | the high levels of superantigens and cytokines |
| In Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, what do superantigens do? | they can directly activate 1% to 2% of T cells and create high levels of cytokines in the blood |
| Mortality following an outbreak of S. pyogenes that progresses to toxic shock can be as high as? | 70% |
| Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome signs and symptoms? | Shock, fever, blotchy rash, and a red, swollen, and painful area of infected skin; Incubation is 2-3 days; 20% of STSS patients have flu like symptoms |
| with Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, what are the lab findings? | Serologic confirmation of group A strep infection by fourfold rise against SLO and DNAase B; lots of antibodies; Renal involvement will induce hemoglobinuria and serum creatinine levels 2.5 times normal |
| In Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome, how is it treated? | Penicillin and IV fluids |
| what is Streptococcus agalactiae? | a Group B; Can cause serious infections in adults and neonates; Case-fatality rate ranges from 26% to 70% among men and nonpregnant women with group B disease; Most frequently isolated from blood; Most common clinical finding is skin and soft tissue infection |
| Borrelia burgdorferi is? | a spirochete bacterium that causes Lyme disease |
| Treponema pallidum is? | a spirocyte type of bacteria that causes syphilis |
| Direct examination of the treponemes is most often performed how? | with darkfield microscopy |
| Pathogenic treponemes characteristics? | appear as fine, spiral organisms approximately 6-15 microns long; transmitted almost uniformly through direct contact; will not grow on artificial media in the microbiology lab; may remain viable for 5 days in tissue removed from diseased, frozen, and cryoprotected specimens |
| Syphilis develops in what % of the sexual partners of person with syphilitic lesions | 30-50% |
| Transfusion associated syphilis is rare except in tropical countries because | RPR is a routine screening test |
| Spirochetes _____ in a unit of blood after it has been refrigerated for more than 72 hours | can not survive |
| what are the signs and symptoms of syphilis? | there are 3 stages; primary, secondary and latent |
| what signs and symptoms are seen in primary syphilis? | occurs At the end of incubation; Patient develops lesion called chancre at the initial point of inoculation; Chancre begins as a papule and erodes to form a large ulcer |
| what are the signs and symptoms in secondary syphilis? | Within 2 to 8 weeks after primary chancres, the patient develops signs and symptoms of secondary syphilis; Symptoms suggest a viral infections Headache, sore throat, low-grade fever, and occasional nasal discharge; Patients may also develop condylomata lata which are flat lesions that look like warts; Symptoms resolve in 2 to 6 weeks, even without treatment |
| what are the signs and symptoms in latent syphilis? | After resolution of untreated secondary syphilis; Patient enter latent state; Relapse are rare after 4 years of latency |
| what are the signs and symptoms in Late (Tertiary) Syphilis? | Usually seen 3 to 10 years after primary infection; 15% of untreated syphilis develop benign syphilis granulomatous; 10% develop cardiovascular manifestations; 8% develop CNS infections |
| Congenitial Syphilis can cause? | Eighth nerve deafness, keratitis, and Hutchinson’s teeth |
| Nontreponemal antibodies are? | often called reagin antibodies are produced by infected patients against components of their own cells |
| syphilis testing? | Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS); Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA); Treponema pallidum antibody, IgM by ELISA; Treponema pallidum antibody, IgG by immunoblot |
| Lyme Disease etiology (causes)? | Transmitted by the bite of a tick, found on the white-tailed deer; The host for the larval and nymphal (young adult) stage is the white-footed mouse; The deer is the host for the adult stage |
| Lyme Disease Accounts for what % of all vector born illnesses in the United States | 95% |
| The most common lab assays for B. burgdorferi antibody detection include: | ◦ Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining methods ◦ ELISA for total immunoglobulins or IgM and IgG antibodies and most widely used ◦ PreVue antibody detection assay which is a CLIA waived procedure that is used as a preliminary test ◦ Western Blot is used for confirmation ◦ PCR testing can also detect spirochete DNA in as few as 5 organism |
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