Flashcards
child language acquistion A2
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1what are the main child language acquistion theories and who proposed them?imitation and reinforcement - skinner
innateness - chomsky (and pinker)
cognitive development - piaget - 2what are the stages of child language acquistion, and at what age would we typically expect children to be at these stages?pre-speech - first few weeks of life
cooing - 6-8 weeks
babbling - 6-9 months
one word holophrastic stage - 12-18 months
two word stage - 18-24 months
telegraphic stage - 24 months+
post-telegraphic - 36 months+ - 3what is the pre-speech stage of child language development characterised by?mostly crying - different cries identified to mean different things (pain, hunger, distress etc)
- 4what is the cooing stage of child language development characterised by?early phonological sounds - developing control over vocal chords
- 5what is the babbling stage of child language development characterised by?sounds made begin to sound like adult language
phonemic expansion occurs, then phonemic contraction occurs - sounds produced shrink to number of sounds in the native tongue
intonation and gesture become part of speech - 6what is the one word (holophrastic) stage of child language development characterised by?child speaks in single utterances
single words take place of longer sentence structures - holophrases
carer has to interpret meaning based on context and non-verbal actions - 7what is the two word stage of child language development characterised by?two word phrases begin to be used
often with grammatically correct sequence (syntax)
context remains important for interpreting correct meaning
inflections and less 'essential' words are missing - 8what is the telegraphic stage of child language development characterised by?3-4 word utterances begin to be used
more grammatical completeness
tenses, inflections, determiners, auxiliaries still often missing - 9what is skinner's theory of imitation and reinforcement?- children learn language through imitation
- they will associate using the correct words with rewards/encouragement
- this will reinforce the wanted behaviour - 10what is chomsky's theory of innateness?- children have the innate ability to acquire language
- they extract the rules of language from the words they hear being spoken (starting at birth their brains are ready - LAD) - 11what is piaget's cognitive theory?- cognitive development is main influence on language development
- language can only develop once fh child has a certain level of cognitive ability
- e.g time, comparatives, abstract concepts - 12what are input theories?- stress importance of carer-child interaction
- carers will expand what child says, new vocabulary will be introduced etc
- interactions introduce children to aspects of politeness, turn-taking, and pragmatics - 13what is halliday's taxonomy of infant language function?- instrumental
- regulatory
- interactional
- personal
- representational
- heuristic
- imaginative - 14what is the instrumental function of infant language?to fulfil a need on the part of the speaker - concerned with obtaining food, drink, comfort etc.
- 15what is the regulatory function of infant language?used to influence behaviour of others; extension of instrumental, then persuading/commanding/requesting that others do what the child needs
- 16what is the interactional function of infant language?to develop social relationships and ease the process of interaction
- 17what is the personal function of infant language?to express personal preferences and identity of the speaker
- 18what is the representational function of infant language?to relay or request information
- 19what is the heuristic function of infant language?to learn and explore the environment; questions and answers, the kind of commentary that accompanies children's play
- 20what is the imaginative function of infant language?to explore the imagination, can accompany play as children create imaginary worlds, or arise from storytelling
- 21in terms of developing lexis, what are proto-words?proto-words are invented words with a constant meaning (meaning for child and carers, less effective with others)
- 22what is a hypernym?a word with a general/generic meaning, with other more specific words under it (e.g clothes)
- 23what is a hyponym?a more specific word within a category or under a hypernym (e.g shirt)
- 24how do children use hypernyms and hyponym as their language develops?they often start with hypernyms (general words) and use hyponyms (specific words) more often and accurately as language and vocabulary develops
- 25which categories of first words did Katherine Nelson identify?- naming (things/people)
- actions/events
- describing/modifying
- personal/social words - 26what is overextension?when children overextend a word's meaning onto objects that are perceived to have similar qualities (e.g applying the name learned for a dog to other furry objects)
- 27what did Eve Clark find that children often base overextensions on?- physical qualities
- features such as sound, movement, shape, size, colour, texture - 28what is overgeneralisation?where grammatical rules appear to be over-applied - as in "sheeps", "runned"
- 29what does overgeneralisation suggest about child language acquistion?- that children are active participants in making meaning out of language
- that they do not acquire language solely through imitation - 30what are some of the features of child-directed speech?- simple lexis
- speaking more slowly
- breaking down more complex words into morphemes/syllables
- hypercorrectness, overriding accent
- semantic fields child is familiar with
- ellipsis
- hyponyms, synonyms and antonyms
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- Flashcards on child language acquistion A2, created by dakotaq on 28/02/2016.
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