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Polt 403

Erika Landers English 140 cards

Cards in this deck (140)

  1. 1What was the dominant global economic order?Moving towards reduction of fair trades (more regional trade agreements & less international ones)
  2. 2How does economics impact the practice & outcomes of politics?-trading with other states, you can actually create more wealth than previously existed
    -Tariffs-protect internal markets from outside competition
    -U.S has service based economy, & extremely high-tech
    -What hood you ship over seas, & what good represents the wealth of your country has far reaching ramification in term of your politics
    -What your country produces has an impact on who influences policy, & who you interact with internationally
  3. 3How do wealthy states interact with poorer ones?-Buy & sell goods like any country
    -Refine technological products
    -Education (U.S trains Ethiopian citizens here & then they go back to work in Ethiopia)
    -States that are largely agrarian in the world export raw goods that are then purchased in a high income world & are processed,, than sold for a higher profit than original market
  4. 4Marxist IR theory-Majority of people control means of production
    -division of world based on economic status
    -wealthy capitalists created state system as way to ensure wealth would grow
  5. 5Dependency Theory-Higher income countries want to keep low income countries poor so that they can keep buying from them, & if people want to buy a product, they have to buy it abroad
    -System relies on countries outside of core to be making raw goods at a very high rate for such a low cost that the core is able to maintain wealth
  6. 6Critical Theorylooks at why we think the way we think, & what were the moments that created the system that we enjoy today
  7. 7Post-modern IR Theory-Modern state system started in 1648 (Peace of Westphalia)
    -Looks at discourse & language we used to talk about international relations & the symbols we employ
  8. 8Why does the Westphalian nation-state system exist?The principle of state sovereignty, the principle of equality of states, & the principle of non-intervention of one state in the international affairs of another
  9. 9What are the grand challenges of our times?Terrorism, global public health, climate change & conservation issues, etc.
  10. 10Are states capable of addressing those challenges?-Not easy to make a global agreement
    -Isolated issue with immediate results is basis for many challenges of our time
    -Carbon in the air today comes from our factories
  11. 11What was the political system in the Americas like before the Revolutionary War?-Three big competing powers & each power had colonies
    -British colonies=original 13
    -Unlike other colonies, British were very hands off because the inhabitants of the 13 colonies were British subjects (given free reign because of that citizen status)
    -Control increased because of 7 year war
    -largely home ruled by colonies before British arrived
  12. 12Key international players in 18th centuryAustria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France & Britain
  13. 137 Years War-1756-1763
    -1st real global war
    -British/colonists defeated French & their Native American allies
    -Spain came to get Louisiana territory from France
    -Taxation w/ out representation (British denied US to be a part of Britain but agreed on taxation)
  14. 14How did French involvement shape American Revolution?-colonists were unorganized
    -Jefferson & Adams worked quickly to establish governing bodies (centralized decision making apparatus & raise formal army= all require taxation)
    -Gained independence & their own representation
  15. 15In what ways was the American Revolution a European war?-Turning point=Battle of Serotoga from 1777-1778
    -British Empire face alliance of 3 European powers
  16. 16What did the Federalists & others assume America's rapid population growth would do for a societal development?-Thought growth would allow us to take on more characteristics
    -There would be more of a high society of wealthy individuals
    -Jefferson thought limited government was the best form of government
  17. 17What were the foreign policy differences between the early Republicans & the Federalists? & How does this reflect both US society then & now?Federalists faced East (looked to Europe) & Republicans faced West (looked for a limited central control & a government made up of more powerful individuals)
  18. 18What was the US first overseas military engagement?-Barbary War (1801-1805)
    -American boats were being apprehended by Barbary pirates
    -US paid Libya about a million dollars a year to not apprehend goods & enslave sailors
    -10% of U.S operating budget was going to keeping sailors safe in Mediterranean
  19. 19Empire of Liberty-Idea of very little interference in day to day life from the government
    -Jefferson thought geography didn't matter much & all that mattered was that you were involved with self government, & doing honest work
  20. 20What did the federalists vs. Jeffersonians think of Louisiana Purchase in 1803?-Jeffersons: Excited because this was part of expanding west & would improve American culture of wanting to be less governed
    -Federalists: did not want to take territory because they wanted to face East in Europe & wanted to have a market economy
  21. 21US attitude towards SpainMore or less sitting around waiting for Spanish empire to die
  22. 22Jefferson's attitude toward Native Americans west of 13 colonies & what their integration meant for US-Colonists turn men into primal beings
    -US government wanted to incorporate Americans along border into society to give them modern knowledge
    -If US could show that Native Americans were just like Europeans it would solve things
    -U.S ended up million millions of people with violence, disease, enclosure & forced migration
    -Ruined what Native Americans knew (plants, herbs, animals, & farming)
  23. 23Peace of Westphalia-1648
    -End of 30 years war
    -Treaty that ended the war established principles that created modern day state system
    -Defined soveriegnty & shaped borders
  24. 24What is the goal of the states?to survive
  25. 25How do states survive?social contract between governed & governors, having a strong military, accidents of geography (being surrounded by water), alliance strategies such as balancing, bandwagoning, & deterring, protecting borders, providing essential goods & services to people, maintaining trade
  26. 26Bandwagoninglinking up with a power much stronger than yours that has the same foreign policy goals
  27. 27balancingcoming together to create shared foreign policy goals
  28. 28deterringcreating a strong army to deter others
  29. 29state survival & human survival-in late 80's when soviet union started to crumble, everyone was happy to have one powerful thing in charge
    -peace dividend- what the people would get for having a powerful thing in charge with no real threat
  30. 30is internation relations a zero-sum game?-realist perspective: yes, international politics is a zero-sum game (finite amount of goals in the end)
    -liberalism perspective: accepts that system is anarchic, but does not accept zero-sum game (believe in progress & international relations can be cooperative)
  31. 31what in the system ties states together?-Every gain for one state=loss for another
    -Economic ties (Terrafree, Napatie), movements of ideas & people, military ties, authorization of groups of people
  32. 32League of Nationsphysical space where countries could trade deals, air grievances, & negotiate with one another
  33. 33Is the structure of the system static or flexible?-constructionists: not static, flexible
    -Realist & liberal- static
  34. 34Actors in international systemstates, businesses, operate across boundaries, non-governmental organizations, intergovernal organizations
  35. 35who governs the globe?realists opinion: only actors who matter are states
    liberalist opinion: get something out of integrating with larger groups of people
    global governance opinion: recognizes that though states are important we don't understand how it works yet
  36. 36Why did William Clairborne have so much trouble governing Louisiana?-Louisiana was a very different place after it was purchased
    -Wasn't used to dealing with binary system of race (either black or white & blacks were slaves)
  37. 37How does early American foreign affairs reflect current foreign affairs?-constant debate over who should govern & who should be governed
    -Federalists always wanted the country to be governed by rural areas (pro slavery & pro putting power into poor persons hands)
    -Imperialism
  38. 38What precipitated the war of 1812?-Trade restrictions in Atlantic
    -Impressment of US sailors
    -British could dictate whether or not American goods were allowed to cross Atlantic because they had more ships (blockading & dictating back on land)
    -1803-1812=10,000 sailors were forced into British navy
  39. 39Chesepeake-Leopard Affair-2 naval cruisers that came into contact off coast of maine
    -British ship (leopard) aimed its guns at the Chesapeake & American sailors were taken on to British ship
  40. 40How did Jefferson respond to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair?Economic embargo-stopped almost all legal trade in & out of US
  41. 41How did Embargo Act of 1807 impact US economy?-Took money out of hands of men & women in US
    -Places fell into deep economic depressions
    -Trade restrictions were part of British's larger foreign policy act of restricting Napolean
  42. 42How did Embargo Act of 1807 reflect Jefferson's political views?Farming was way to go & trading was bad, & no matter what politicians say they seem to act differently once they get into office
  43. 43Why was impressment an important factor leading to the War of 1812?-as many as 10,000 US sailors had been impressed
    -National pride/respect for other nations
    -violation of sovereignty
  44. 44In which areas did the War of 1812 take place?Canada, naval blockade on east coast of gulf of Mexico, Mid-Atlantic, Gulf Sates, & US
  45. 45How did the War of 1812 end?Treaty of Ghent in 1814
  46. 46How did the War of 1812 change US relations with the other powers?-End of impressment
    -Everything went back to normal
  47. 47Monroe Doctorine-1823
    -Declaration of US intent to be regional hegemony in Americas
    -Right of free trade around American continents & any place on American continent was no longer subject to control dominance by an new colonies
    -Any European military presence in Western Hemisphere was considered a threat to US and US did not interfere with what they already have & any country within the Americas that declares independence from European power will no longer have to abide by the European power
  48. 48Without formidable Army & Navy, how was US to enforce Monroe Doctrine?-Alignment with British interests
    -Expansion of free trade
    -Relative weakness of European competitors
  49. 49Manifest DestinyExpansion of Us imperialism (term was first coined by The Democratic Review)
  50. 50Who support Manifest Destiny?Western land speculators, railroad promoters, small farmers, northern wage earners
  51. 51How did slavery question impact westward expansion?-Will new states become slave states or will they be free states?
    -Northern states outlawed slavery
    -Slave trade was outlawed in southern states but slavery was legal
  52. 522 major kids of expansion advocated by political leaders?territorial & cultural/economic
  53. 53How did president polk use different kinds of foreign policy to get Oregon & Texas into US?-Oregon was a secret compromise amidst bluster
    -Texas was secret militarism amidst negotiation
  54. 54What were significant outcomes of the Mexican American War (1846-1847)?-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
    -Completed dominance of US across North America from East to West
  55. 55Was the foreign policy an important part of the American Civil War?-No, Foreign aid confederacy strengthened the union
  56. 56What event marks the end of the internal frontier & the end of Indian Wars?-Wounded Knee in 1890
    -Indiscriminate slaughter of as many as 300 Lakota, and the last major confrontation between US government & tribal authorities
  57. 57What does Howard Zinn think precipitated the expansion of US beyond its borders?expansion of capital & profit
  58. 58Where were the majority of instances of US foreign intervention of the 19th century?Latin America
  59. 59What were the three main political ideologies informing America's expansion question?imperialists, anti-imperialists, & open door advocates
  60. 60ImperialismExpansion of US territory based on Manifest Destiny, racial superiority, American "exceptionalism" (Teddy Roosevelt)
  61. 61Anti-imperialismExpansion of democracy abroad, but not US territory; liberty vs. conquest (William Jennings Bryan)
  62. 62"Open Door" policyExpansion of US commercial interests abroad; free trade; naval power (Carnegie & Rockefeller)
  63. 63What as the Cuban Revolution, and how did it lead to the Spanish-American War?-Populist revolt of indigenous Cuban factions & former slaves
    -Anti-imperial revolution
    -No recognition as Cubans as belligerents (fighters)
  64. 64What event precipitated the Spanish American War in 1898?Explosion of USS Maine
  65. 65Aftermath of Spanish American War-Teller Amendment guaranteed Cuban independence, but not its form of government
    -Cuban rebel army not allowed to enter conquered capitol
    -Platt Amendment 1901 guaranteed capitalist regime in Cuba, American business flooded in
    -Treaty of Paris gave US Puerto Rico, Guam, & Philippines
  66. 66Situation in Philippines in 1898-Had been fighting Spanish
    -US gave very limited self government
    War between Philippines & US from 1899-1902
  67. 67Great White Fleet (1907-1909)-Show of American naval power
    -Fitting the mold of an imperial power
  68. 68Panama Canal-Massive construction project initiated by French & taken over by US
    -Made for a faster passage from Atlantic to Pacific
  69. 69International Institute for Agriculture-Founded by David Lubin & funded by King of Italy (1904)
    -Became Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1944
  70. 70What new great power entered global politics in the late 19th century?-German Empire
    -defeat of Austro-Hungarian Empire & rise of Prussian (Kingdom of Prussia) dominance over German-speaking peoples at Battle of Sadowa in 1866
  71. 71Franco Prussian War 1870-1871-German victory over French
    -Use of artillery rifles (which were new) & mitrailleuse/machine gun
  72. 72How did Franco Prussian War impact future of military engagement?-Showed benefit of mass conscription
    -Use of transportation infrastructure in war
    -Use of the Prussian "general staff" theory & practice of command
    -War foreshadowed wars that came afterwards
    -General staff theory deeply centralized military operations
  73. 73Aftermath of Franco-Prussian War-Birth of newest & possibly greatest power
    -Change in European balance of power (Germany empire becomes greatest land power)
    -Alsace-Lorraine goes to Germany
    -Put pressure on colonial empires to solidify their holding in the face of new rival
  74. 74Scramble for AfricaRapid colonization, establishment of authority, & economic integration of Africa into European imperial powers (1880-1914)
  75. 75What Caused Scramble for Africa?-Different opinions: search for markets & European made goods during long depression, search for security, & Capitalism vs. colonies
  76. 76How was Scramble for Africa legally formalized?-Berlin Conference 1884-1885
    -Principle of Effective Occupation
    -Treaties with locals
    -Flying flag
    -Set up local administration
  77. 77What international & national dynamics led to First World War?-Changes in balance of power
    -Complicated alliance systems
    -Historical relationships between powers
    -Contention over Africa
    -Imperial maintenance
  78. 78Franz Ferdinand & his death-He was heir to Austro-Hungarian empire
    -Murdered in Sarajevo during a tour
    -Assassin (Gavielo Princep) was a national & part of "The Black Hand"
    -His death was one of history's grand accidents
  79. 79Why would a major power invading a minor power spark a World War?-Historic ties
    -German'ys Schlieffen plan to be able to fight French & Russians seperately
    -Very unclear on which side British would commit after this
  80. 80Chess pieces of World War I-Entente (triple alliance)
    -France: approx. 4 million soldiers
    -UK: approx. 1 million soldiers
    -Russia: approx. 6 million solders
  81. 81Central Powers of World War I-Germany: approx. 4.5 million soldiers
    -Austria Hungary- approx. 3 million soldiers
    -Ottoman Turks: approx. 210, 000 soldiers
  82. 82Players of World War I-France: Joffre
    -UK: Sir French
    -Germany: younger Von Moltke
    -Russia: Grand Duke Nicholas
    -Austria-Hungarian: Von Hotzendorf
  83. 83Result of World War I-French lost 140,000 men between August 22nd & 26th
    -In 1914 the French & the Germans are spending 30,000 men a day
  84. 84How were armies of 1914 able to lose tens of thousands of men in a day & continue?-Population growth
    -Superior methods of organization & recruitment (mass conscription)
    -Strength of nation-state
  85. 85Woodrow Wilson & how he reoriented the US role in global affairs-1st Democratic president since mid 19th century
    -Fiercely internationalist
    -American exceptionalism to the extreme
  86. 86What was the goal of American foreign policy under Wilson?-Disavowed gunboat Diplomacy
    -Political "guidance" for Latin America, but more interventions than either Roosevelt or Taft
  87. 87How did Wilson's program of intervention impact Latin America?-Declared "moratorium on revolution" in Dominican
    -Wilson plagued by cultural blindness & racism
    -Liberty vs. Coercion
    -War in Mexico
  88. 88What does Mexican invasion teach us about Wilson's conduct of foreign affairs?-Invaded & occupied Veracruz to "show" Mexico how to run it: roads, lights, schools, sanitation, health programs, rule of law...
  89. 89What was Wilson's true neutrality in 1914, & how did that work out for him?-proved impossible
    -Favored allies with cash loans & goods
    -Didn't stop British Blockade of Europe
    -Did respond to German U-Boat response
  90. 90What were the Luistania, the Arabic, the Sussex?Ships carrying Americans that were destroyed by U-Boat attacks in 1915-1916
  91. 91Wilson's response to U-Boat attacks in 1915-1916Threaten Germany with war; Germany relents, but Wilson is now dug into a less maneuverable position (he wanted to arbitrate)
  92. 92How does Taft (republican leader) respond to Louisiana crisis?-Proposed World Parliament for international law & conflict arbitration
    -sides with Wilson that conflict should be negotiated & further conflicts should be avoided
  93. 93What were the two branches of US foreign policy thoughts regarding WWI before 1917?-Isolation emerges in earnest for the first time
    -Response to emerging internationalism
    -Idea that US should lead an international organization that maintains peace
    -Monroe Doctrine for world
  94. 94Why did US enter great war?-Germany resumes unrestricted U-Boat warfare
    -Zimmerman Telegram, Feb 1917
  95. 95How could US participation shape the post-war world?Wilson wanted chance to negotiate peace, & Germany rejected the US as a negotiator
  96. 96Treaty of Brest-LitovskSurrender treaty or Russia to Germany (Russians lose 1/3 of population, 9/10 of coal mines, majority of food & industrial capacity)
  97. 97Why does Germany surrender in 1918?-French colonial soldiers bolstering French & British armies
    -US deploys in 1918
  98. 98What did Wilson want out of Treaty of Versailles?-Reformation of Germany & reintegration in a community of nations
    -Emancipation of all peoples & end of colonialism
  99. 99Sides of debate after Treaty of Versailles-Not isolation vs. internationalism
    (whether US will focus inward or will it focus on rest of world)
  100. 100Arguments against League of Nations-Too utopian
    -Didn't go far enough to disarm combatants & create peace
    -US shouldn't surrender sovereignty for any reason
    -Mutual defense clause was too strong
    -Unfair treatment of oppressed people
  101. 101Events leading up WWI & WWII-World War I- central powers & allied powers (caused by assassination of Frances Ferdinand & political & economic instability in Germany)
    -World War II- had modern methods of warfare; axis & allies (caused by League of Nations, & hyper-inflation- value of currency rapidly decreasing
  102. 102Immediate aftermath of WWI-Demographic: approx. 60 million deaths
    -"lost generation" of men (PTSD)
    -Financial center of world shifts to New York from London
    -indebtedness
    -US has greater industrial output than next 6 powers combined
    -American Century begins
  103. 103Culture power of US increases (movies, art, literature)-Rise of American Soft Power
    -Universities create World Politics programs (Tufts, Georgetown, etc)
  104. 104What was US foreign policy like in the 1920's?-Maximization of security, minimization of commitment
    -US is not a full member of League of Nations
    -US meteoric rise in wealth due to US dominance in international trade
  105. 105What were the important issues internationally in which the US was engaged?-How to use international loans
    -Use loans to support political goals
    -Use loans to support US economic development
  106. 106Reduction of arms-Borah resolution
    -Five Power Treaty
    -Japan agrees in exchange for keeping the East Asia status quo
  107. 107Key Resource for fighting wariron & oil
  108. 108European Reconstruction-US doesn't want to promote reindustrialization of Europe because then Euro companies would compete with US companies
    -curious case of debt relief
    -High tariffs to protect US markets
  109. 109Dawes Plan of 1924-Overall deals with failures of Treaty of Versailles
    -Gradual increase in the reparations payment in accordance with German resurgence
    -200 million loan for Germany
    -European countries have to purchase German-made goods
  110. 110Treaty of Locarno-Overall resolves major issues from Versailles
    -Formalize new Versailles borders
    -France, belgium & Germany promise not to wage war on each other (Germany brought into League of Nations)
  111. 111How war debt impacted international relations-Germans can't pay french, & french can't pay US
    -France invades German industrial zone to reap economic benefits; hyperinflation in Germany
  112. 112US beings to restructure & relieve European debt; but it's not enough-Barely any UK debt relieved
    -75% of Italian debt cancelled, lower interest rates
    -approx. 50% of French debt relieved, lower interest rates
    -French started calling "Uncle Sam", "Uncle Shylock"
    -Anti-semitism becomes important in late 1920's & 1930's
  113. 113Flaws of US engagement with Europe Post World War I that helped set the stage for World War II-Failed to grasp sensitivity of recovery
    -US didn't understand extent of war damage
    -Failure to invent in new Eastern European countries & guarantee their borders
    -Did not account for French sentiment regarding the "kind" treatment of Germany
  114. 114How did US engage with the new Union of Soviet Socialist Republics?-did not recognize until 1933
    -question of isolation or engagement
    -heavy trading
    -American Relief Administration during Soviet famine (1921-1923)
    -50$ million dollar relief program unfettered by political considerations
    -saved approx. 10 million lives
  115. 115US rescues Japan following massive Earthquake-Unfettered aid again, US & Japanese relations at an all time high
    -congress limits immigration; specifically all Japanese immigration
    -Rise of hardliners & militarists in Japan
  116. 116Munich Agreement Pact-1938 agreement between France, UK, German over future of Sudetenland
    -claimed by Germany because of ethnic German population
    -Appeasement: Germany will totally stop after this
    -Germany gets exactly what it wants, Czech government finds that its military agreement with UK & France means nothing & concedes a wealthy region
  117. 117"Peace in Our Time"Munich agreement
  118. 118Who was Dwight Morrow & what can he teach us about diplomacy?-Ambassador of Mexico
    -Negotiated Cristero Rebellion
    -"ham and eggs" diplomacy
  119. 119How does US react to specter of war?-1935: Senate dictates mandatory embargo of shipments of arms or loans to belligerents once war is declared
    -no u-boats in ports
    -intense isolationism
    -broad thinking: 'neutrality' in WWI forced US into war with allies
    -Molotov-Ribbentrop Pacts of August, 1939
  120. 120How does fall of France change US foreign policy?-roosevelt starts lend-leasing military equipment
    -moves neutrality zone all the way to iceland, reports u-boats to UK, moves troops into Greenland & Iceland
  121. 121Why does US enter war?Attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7th, 1941)
  122. 122Why did Japan attack?backed into a corner & US won't abandon China, though willing to abandon Euro colonial holdings in SEA
  123. 123In what way was the alliance awkward, like Herby and misfit elves?-communist empire with the proscribed goal of a global revolution
    -last great colonial power
    -anti-colonial capitalist power
  124. 124stalingrad before the war-3 army groups
    -3.2 men
    -war is deeply racially motivated
  125. 125stalingrad after the war-russian army keeps retreating and slain says he will shoot anyone who keeps retreating
    -stalingrad=completely destroyed
    -men are freezing to death in russia & are defending cities that are turning to rubble
  126. 126what were the outcomes of the casablanca conference of 1943?roosevelt & churchill agree to unconditional surrender
  127. 127what were the outcomes of the Egypt conference?China, US, & UK agree to China's preeminent position in world politics after war
  128. 128What were the outcomes of the Tehran Conference of 1943?-Discussion of post war order
    -dismemberment of germany between victors
  129. 129Hot Spring Conference of 1943-all 44 allied nations
    -establishment of Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  130. 130Outcomes of Bretton Woods Conference-Establishment of current international economic order
    -IMF & IBRD
  131. 131Outcomes of the Yalta Conference-unconditional surrender of Nazis, Germany to be split in 4 occupation zones
    -denazification & demilitarization of Germany
    -forced labor or Germans after the war
    -USSR to participate in UN
    -Nazi war criminals apprehended & tried
    -Poland remains in soviet hands
  132. 132Potsdam Conference of 1945-First & only meeting of the Second Big Three (Atlee, Truman, & Stalin)
    -Germany had fallen & a massive Red Army was already in Germany, occupying all of Eastern Europe
    -VJ day on horizon
    -overall: meeting to discuss future of Europe, Germany, Asia, & globe
  133. 133notable agreements that shape future-Vietnam partitioned in Northern & Southern administrative zones
    -demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, & decartelization of Germany
    -turning Germany into smaller, poorer, more agrarian country with limited industrial military capacity
    -poland largely abandoned to soviets
  134. 134potsdam declaration-call for surrender of Japan along similar terms to Germans
    -occupation of Japan by allied forces
    -Japanese military leaders to be tried for war crimes
    -demilitarization of Japan & its economy
  135. 135Nuremberg Trials-11/45- 10/46
    -trials of 23 military & political leaders of the 3rd reich
    -legal basis: joint allied control over Germany gave it the legal right to try German citizens under international & military law
    -some 200 Germans eventually tried at Nuremberg (approx. 2000 in total)
  136. 136Outcomes of Nuremberg-chronicle of Nazi atrocities
    -new understanding of non-national laws
    -heads of state are responsible to a 'higher court' for their actions against their own people
    -many of International Criminal Tribunals followed
  137. 137Notable figures tried at NurembergDoenitz, Frank Has, Goering,
    Keitel, Franz von Papen, Ribbentrop
  138. 138Tokyo Tribunals-Equivalent of Nuremberg in Japan
    -Emperor Hirohoto & family escaped persecution
    -unit 731 members & leader given immunity in exchange for data on live human experiments
  139. 139impacts of Tokyo Tribunals-not as reputable as Nuremberg
    -immunity of Shiro Ishii & Unit 731 members
    -Yasukini Shrine (memorializing)
  140. 140Outcomes of 2nd World War-Establishment of United Nations with P5
    -UK economically exhausted
    -European mainland devastated
    -USSR has at least 40 million dead
    -Korea split along 38th parallel
    -German conquests returned to previous owners
    -Colonialism is still not solved, but independence begins

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