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Flashcards

neuro diseases 2

tammyb314 English 73 cards

Cards in this deck (73)

  1. 1the secondary effects of a TBI can cause more damage they are increased ICP, bradycardia, HTN, hemorrhage, hematoma and...edema swelling of the brain, hydrocephalus, seizures, and brain stem compression tentorial heniation
  2. 2a brainstem compression- tentorial herniation is a secondary effect of a TBI what is itthe tentorium notch squeezes the brain stem, affects the cranial nerve and causes respiration decrease and death
  3. 3what is meningitisinfection/inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, a medical emergency can be fatal
  4. 4the etiology of meningitis isbacterial, viral, or fungal infection that invades CNS through blood, pneumonia, sinus, ear infection, ventricular shunt
  5. 5S&S of meningitis isfever, chills malaise, headache nausea, vomiting, nuchal rigidity particular movement patterns, inflammation of the cerebral blood vessels and destruction of neurons cause focal s ands
  6. 6as meningitis progresses it can causeseizures and coma
  7. 7the course of meningitis can be fatal it is cured withIV antibiotics, can have permanent complications of the CNS
  8. 8THE DIAGNOSIS for meningitis isa lumbar puncture and CSF,cerebral spinal fluid examination
  9. 9encephalitis is a viral infection/inflammation of the brain tissue that causeswidespread destruction of nerve cells, cerebral edema, degeneration of ganglions
  10. 10some frequent sites for encephalitis is cerebellum/hemi brain stem can be caused byarbovirus/mosquitos, entrovirus flowing an infection of the mumps, measles, rubella, and HIV
  11. 11THE S&S for encephalitis aresudden onset of fever, headache, vomiting, stiff neck and back, drowsiness, convulsions, paralysis and coma
  12. 12the course of encephalitisfrequently neuro deficits remain
  13. 13the diagnosis and treatment for encephalitis isLP,EEG,CT scan, treatment is supportive, and decrease intracranial pressure
  14. 14CVA are the most common neuro ds, acute onset of focal deficits caused by a vascular event, it is classified bya vascular event, thrombosis, embolitic, hemorrhage
  15. 1580 % of CVA's are classified asthrombosis/plaque formation or clot and embolitic/ clot from another source
  16. 16thrombosis is most common in what populationmiddle age and elderly
  17. 17the decreased 02 due to a clot or plaque formation can come from whereatherosclerosis, diabetes, HTN, obstruction of the carotids
  18. 18the risk factors for thrombosis includeHTN, history of atherosclerosis or heart disease, family history
  19. 19the onset of a thrombosis is slow and gradual, it is associated with a TIA, symptoms correlate with thelocation of the affected artery, diploma, aphasia, decreased coordination, weakness, numbness, dizziness symptoms go away in 24 hrs
  20. 20the treatment for thrombosis isprevent future CVA, aspirin, CEA, anticolagulants, lifestyle changes
  21. 21embolitic is an occlusion of a blood vessel caused by afragmented clot broken off, fat, air, bacteria, or tumor blocking blood flow
  22. 22the source for embolism is..the onset is..MI, endocarditis, dysrthmia's, heart surgery, sudden no warning
  23. 23the treatment for an embolism isTPA tissue plasmin activator, must be given within 3-4 hours, heparin
  24. 24a hemorrhage ICH or subarachnoid bleed occurs..and causessuddenly, any age, higher fatality rate, causes HTN, aneurysms
  25. 25an intracerebral hemorrhagic CVA causesbleeding into the brain from small, deep vessels under capillary pressure
  26. 26a subarachnoid bleed is.. the dx is..the s and s areleakage of blood within the meninges/CT scan/based on where blood pools and what ruptures, focal and global
  27. 27the treatment for a subarachnoid bleed isBP control, surgical evacuation of blood by craniotomy or drain/ keep BP low
  28. 28anterior circulation/carotid circulation R and L cerebral artery most common area involved in CVA internal carotid and anterior cerebral result incontralateral hemiplegia, sensory deficits, contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, aphasia, perceptual deficits
  29. 29posterior circulation/vertebral/basilarposterior cerebrum, nuclei, cerebellum, brainstem
  30. 30the etiology of an aneurysm is..., the complications are increased ICP, RE-bleed, vasospasm, hydrocephaluscongenital defect, degenerative process, HTN, atherosclerosis, any age
  31. 31a vasospasm isconstriction of vessels adjacent to the aneurysm CSF
  32. 32THE dx for aneurysm is... THE s and s are...cerebral angiograph, neural exam, CT...acute headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, coma
  33. 33TBI is an insult to brain caused by an external force that may produce a diminished or altered state ofconsciousness, which results in an impairment of cognitive abilities or physical functioning
  34. 34there are 2 general types of TBI'sopen and closed, open is when the skin is pierced
  35. 35forces that act on the brain during injury of TBI's areacceleration/coup, deceleration/contracoup and rotation
  36. 36areas of TBI impairments arecognitive, physical, behavioral, psychosocial
  37. 37TBI mild head injury, a concussion isa blow to the head hard enough to jostle the brain and make it hit against the skull, causing temporary neural dysfunction, decreased consciousness
  38. 38a TBI with axonal stretching injury DAI, isstretching, shearing of the brains axons, cell death does not usually occur, normal neural impulses are disrupted
  39. 39post concussion syndrome associated with a TBI isa mild neuro deficits that remain weeks or longer, do to stretching or twisting of axons, memory,cognition, headache, dizziness and fatigue
  40. 40moderate/severe, contusion/bruising of brain tissue as a result of severe blow/blunt trauma causes an area ofnecrosis due to crush or bruise of brain tissue, disrupts normal nerve functions in area damaged, may result in hemorrhage or hematoma
  41. 41a rotational injury/TBI iswhen the cortex rotated on the brain stem, causing tearing
  42. 42TBI/ traumatic hemorrhages arebleeding into the brain when force/trauma tears a vessel
  43. 43signs and symptoms of a TBI hemorrhage includeglobal/seizures coma
    focal depends on the location of the bleed
  44. 44the treatment for TBI/traumatic hemorrhage is thecontrol of symptoms and secondary effects, craniotomy to aspirate blood and relieve pressure
  45. 45TBI a hematoma is acollection of blood usually clotted that forms beneath a surface, classified by the location and what bled
  46. 46TBI epidural bleedbetween the skull and the dura mater, arterial bleed S AND S=pupil changes, hemiparesis, increased ICP
  47. 47A TBI subdural bleed occurs between the dura and arachnoid it is avenous bleed, pressure may build slowly, symptoms may not appear for some time 3- 30 days, or can be chronic, 3 + or more after trauma
  48. 48s and s of SUBDURAL bleed, TBI arefocal/hemiparesis, global/personality changes, behavior changes
  49. 49hydrocephalus is a... it is associated with a TBI as a secondary effectbackup of blood or edema into the ventricles causes cognitive changes, gait changes, and ataxia sleepy
  50. 50global signs and symptoms of neurological diseases areheadache, vomiting, dizziness, seizures, coma, stupor, drowsiness
  51. 51seizures global areepisodic, paraoxysmal (sudden period of attack or recurrence) event associated with abnormal electrical discharges of neurons in the brain
  52. 52global seizures can be due toanoxia, brain tumors, head trauma, CVA, or idiopathic
  53. 53global seizure that is partial beginsin a localized area of the brain, affecting one body part, then may spread, seldom loses consciousness, may progress to generalized
  54. 54diagnosis for seizures areEEG electroencephalography which detects abnormal electrical activity during a seizure
  55. 55coma globaldecreased or impaired level of consciousness due to dysfunction of activating system or cortical damage
  56. 56coma assessment scales areGlasgow coma scale, rancho amigos level of cognitive functioning scale
  57. 57the Babinski reflex is pyramidal/direct motor system, normally when the bottom of the foot is stroked the toes willflex downward, this reflex results with the big toe extends and other toes spread, indicates CNS damage
  58. 58intracranial pressure ICP increase pressure results in change in LOC, change incognitive level, headache, change in pupil size, motor response, vital signs
  59. 59the treatment for intracranial pressure isICP, monitor, manitol
  60. 60decorticate rigiditydamage in cerebral hemispheres, arms and wrist flexed and adducted, ext of LE, plantar flex of feet
  61. 61decerebrate rigiditylesion in the midbrain or pons, UE extension, neck in hyperextension, le ext and plantar fl of foot
  62. 62focal deficits arespecific areas of the brain affected, sings and symptoms depend on the site of arterial occlusion or injury
  63. 63the frontal lobe is the primary motor area damage results incontralateral limb paresis/ hemiplegia, higher level cognition/judg personality, mood, behavior changes, processing info, thinking, concept formation, reasoning, attention, pulsivity
  64. 64brocca's area controls motor speech language center, converts language codes to motor commands, damage causesexpressive aphasia, inability to transform the idea of what they want to say into motor action, even though the muscles are intact, language is heard and perceived
  65. 65the parietal lobe is the sensory cortex, damage results in impaired perception/senses, also the site of conscious proprioception-interpreting the info about awareness of body position and movement
  66. 66damage to the parietal lobe can cause hemineglect which isthe brain does not interpret sensory info from a particular area, pt ignores that side of the body, even though vision is ok
  67. 67damage to the parietal lobe can cause apraxia which isdifficulty carrying out complex motor acts due to motor planning, not weakness, or failure to understand directions
  68. 68the temporal lobe is where the primary auditory cortex and areas involved in memory storage are located. word salad,wernick's area controls thecomprehension of spoken and written language, damage results in receptive aphasia, sounds are heard, but not recognized, not able to understand their own language or anyone's
  69. 69damage to the temporal lobe can cause verbal agnosia which is theinability to recognize words spoken or written
  70. 70the occipital lobe is the primaryvisual cortex, integrates eye movement by directing and focusing the eye
  71. 71damage to the occipital lobe can cause diplopia which isdouble vision
  72. 72damage to the occipital lobe can cause cortical blindness which results whenthe brain is unable to interpret stimuli, nothing is wrong with the receptors or the optic nerve
  73. 73damage to the occipital lobe can cause homonymous hemianopsia which iscortic blindness/field cut medial half of one eye and the lateral half of another, corresponding to the paralyzed side of the body, they don't see things on the affected side of body, not hemi-neglect

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Flashcards on neuro diseases 2, created by tammyb314 on 17/04/2013.
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