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| Question | Answer |
| Living things are made of cells | Organisms are made up of one or more cells. |
| Living things need energy | Living things use energy to maintain the cellular processes functioning (to move things around, reproduce, digest nutrients, build more cells, communicate, etc) |
| Living things react to stimuli | Living things can react to internal and external stimuli. Examples: plants growing in the direction of the Sun, sweating, sperm cell finding the egg, iguanas looking for shade in a sunny day, your breathing rate increasing when you exercise. |
| Living things grow, develop and die | All living things go through a life cycle Unicellular organisms grow until the cell divides into two new cells. Multicellular organisms increase their number of cells. These cells can differentiate and specialize. Eventually, living things die |
| Living things reproduce | Living things can produce other living things. There are two basic kinds of reproduction: Sexual reproduction: involve gametes (e.g. sperm cells and eggs). The organism produced is a mixture of two different individuals. This is how mammals reproduce. Asexual reproduction: individuals can, sometimes, make copies of themselves on their own. This is how many bacteria reproduce. |
| What you think living things need to survive? | Water Shelter Stable environment Oxygen (most) Light (many) Nutrients: minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids Protection against UV rays |
| Ecology | The study of living organisms in the natural environment, how they interact with one another and how they interact with their nonliving environment |
| Species | A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fully fertile offspring |
| Population | A group of organisms of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed Habitat = place in which an organism lives |
| Community | All the populations of the different species living and interacting in the same environment |
| Ecosystem | All the living things (biotic factors) and non-living things (abiotic factors) interacting in an environment Example of biotic factors: living things (animals, plants, microorganisms, etc) Examples of abiotic factors: non-living things like water, temperature, soil, light, air... |
| Autotroph | Producer = organism that makes its own food (plants, algae) |
| Heterotroph | organism that gets food from the environment (animals, fungi) |
| Decomposers | organism that eats dead organic matter (bacteria, fungi, vultures, earthworms) |
| Consumers can be: | Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores |
| Food Chains/Food Webs | A food chain represents the flow of energy from the sun to autotrophs to heterotrophs |
| Let’s classify the organisms into: | Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Quaternary consumers |
| MUTUALISM: | Both species benefit (+/+) |
| PARASITISM: | One species benefits at the expense of another (+/-) Host (-)/Parasite (+) |
| COMMENSALISM: | One species benefits, other is unaffected (+/0) |
| PREDATION: | One species benefits at the expense of another (+/-) Predator (+) / Prey (-) |
| How are organisms classified? | 2 Latin names Homo sapiens Homo = genus Homo sapiens = species Genus= initial capital letter Specific name = lower case Always italic |
| Hierarchy | KINGDOM PHYLUM (PHYLA - plural) CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES |
| Domains | 3 domains: Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya |
| Kingdoms | 6 kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae |
| Invertebrates | no backbone Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Roundworms Mollusks Annelida Arthropods Echinoderms |
| Vertebrates: | with backbone Fish Amphibian Reptiles Birds Mammals |
| Porifera | Sponges Pores Filter water Asymmetrical Do not move Eat plankton |
| Cnidaria | Jellyfish, anemones, coral Stinging cells in tentacles Radial symmetry Eat: small and large organisms like fish |
| Platyhelminthes | Tapeworm, planaria, marine flatworms Bilateral symmetry predators/some parasites: steal food from host No circulatory system Segmented |
| Roundworms | Ascaris Bilateral symmetry Mostly parasites Slender, not segmented |
| Annelids | Earthworms, Leeches Terrestrial, marine, parasites “Rings” – segmented body Bilateral symmetry |
| Mollusks | Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, Octopus Soft body Shell Bilateral symmetry Primitive brain |
| Arthropods | Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, centipedes, insects Articulated legs Hard exoskeleton Segmented body Shed exoskeleton in order to grow Bilateral symmetry |
| Echinoderms | Sea urchin, sea cucumber, sand dollar, starfish Marine Radial symmetry |
| Cold-blooded animals | Ectothermic |
| Warm-blooded | Endothermic |
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