Flashcards
Geography: Population and Settlement
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1What affects birth rate?1. No Contraception
2. Lack of family planning
3. Pro-natalist/ Anti-natalist government policies
4. Children required to work, (e.g. agriculture)
5. Lack of "welfare" - government doesn't support the elderly. - 2What affects death rate?1. Health care, diet knowledge
2. War/ conflict, famine
3. Natural disasters
4. Pandemic
5. Poverty - 3Overcrowding: Social Problems- Servics can't cope, not all have access to them
- Children have to work, miss eduction
- Not enough houses, crowded, makeshift, health problems
- Food shortages - 4Overpopulation: Economic Problems- Unemployment increases
- Increased poverty, born into poor families - 5Overpopulation: Environmental Problems- Increased waste and polution, landfill sites and greenhouse gases
- More natural resources used up - 6How to control overpopulation?- Birth control programmes
- Immigration laws: selective, limit - 7Ageing Population: Social problems- Stretched healthcare services
- People have to work as unpain carers to look after elderly relatives, more stress, less leisure time
- People have fewer children because they can't afford to look after elderly too.
- Lower pensions means that people retire later because they cant afford to live on a state pension. - 8Ageing Population: Economic Problems- Higher taxes to pay for more pensions
- Slow economic growth, more money spent on elderly homes, less on healthcare etc. - 9How Governemnets Cope with an Ageing Population- Encouraging larger families, increases young people to work
- Encourage immigration of working population from other countries
- Raising retirement age
- Raise taxes - 10What is urbanisation?Growth of the proportion of people living in urban areas in a country.
- 11Urbanisation: Urban Problems- Overcrowding - increased traffic, pollution and waste
- LEDCs: badly built, illegal squatter settlements, disease spreads quicker, no basic services - 12Urbanisation: Rural Problems- Increased elderly population
- Fewer services
- Fewer taxes collected
- Lack of funding for services - 13How do governments control urbanisation?- Building more houses
- Attracting industry
- Improving public transport and roads
- Improving services, e.g. in LEDCs: Self Help Schemes - supply materials, Site and Service Schemes - Pay low rent for site and services - 14Define immigration and emigration.Immigration: People who move into an area
Emigration: People who move out of an area. - 15What is migration?Movement of people from one area to another.
- 162 tupes of migrants?- Refugees: forced to leave a country due to war/ conflict/ natural disaster ect
- Economic Migrants: move voluntarily from a poorer place to a richer area often for a job. - 17Migration Push Factors- Job shortage
- Low wages
- Poor standard of living
- Poor education/ healthcare
- Persecution/ war
- Natural disaster
- Poor/ dangerous environment - 18Pull Factors- More employment
- Higher wages
- Better standard of living
- Better healthcare and education
- Free to worship, join political parties etc
- Safety, no war, crime, less natural disaster risk
- Cleaner environment - 19Positive and Negative Effects of migration on the country of ORIGIN+ Less pressure on services
+ Money earned and sent back to country by emigrants
- Labour shortage
- Skills shortage
- High dependancy ratio - 20Positive and Negative Effects of migration on the DESTINATION country+ Bigger labour force, immigarnts often do unpleasant, unskilled jobs residents don't want to do
+ Immigrants pay taxes to help fund services
- Competition for jobs, tension and conflict in the community
- Overcrowding, higher demand for services
- Some of the money immigrants earn is sent back to their origin country. - 21How do destination countries manage migration?- Points Based Systems: countries chose who to let in by "grading" people, often only letting in well-skilled people who will adapt well.
- Limits and Targets: analysing how many jobs are available and only letting in certain numbers.
- Controlling Illegal Immigration: monitoring, arresting and forcing illegal immigranst to leave with stron border control. - 22What is counter-urbanisation?When people move out of cities to urban areas.
- 23Push factors of counter-urbanisation- Congestion and traffic
- High crime rates
- Expensive houses - 24Pull factor for counter-urbanisation?- Safter and more pleasant environments
- Percieved better quality of life
- Better technology means people can work from home and be around their families
- More affordable land
- Increase in out of town buisness parks - 25Counter-urbanisation rural impacts- Higher demand means that house prices rise
- Commuters often use shops and businesses closer to home, so local one are put out of work, leaving people with no transport isloated
- People commute and leave for long periods of the day ("dormitory villages"), resulting in a declining community spirit
- Lose rural characteristics - 26Counter-urbanistaion urban impacts- Inner city areas become empty and disused - run down
- Commuters often shop in cities outskirts leaving the centres to close down. - 27How to magange rural areas in counter-urbanisation- Policies for local's housing, where commuters can live and where the newer modern housing will be built
- Invest in local services to keep them running for locals, and to attract new people - 28How to magange urban areas in counter-urbanisation- Redevelopping urban areas to encourage people to move back
- Regenerating shopping areas to encourage a higher sphere of influence. - 29List the 4 urban land uses in order.1. CBD (Central Buisness District): commercial centre with shops and offices
2. Inner City: poorer quality housing areas, old industrial buildings
3. Suburbs: housing areas
4. Rural-Urban Fringe: edge of city - 30SOCIAL needs planners need to consider when designing new developments- More housing
- Room for social activities and leisure/ entertainment facilities
- Better transport systems and routes - 31ECONOMIC needs planners need to consider when designing new developments- More jobs available in buisness parks and out of town shopping centes, built on undeveloped land
- 32ENVIRONMENTAL needs planners need to consider when designing new developments- Waste disposal systems
- Greenspaces, wildlife - 334 ideas to include in a sustainable development1. Building on brownfield sites
2. Carbon-neutral homes
3. Efficient transport
4. Recycling facilities - 34What are high order goods?More expensive (comparison) goods bought occsionally
- 35What are low order goods?Convenience, cheaper goods bought more frequently/ on a regualr basis.
- 36What is a threshold population?The minimum population required to support a shop
- 37What is the sphere of influence?The area people come from to visit a shop.
- 38Characteristics of the CBDHigh order goods
High Threshold population
Large sphere of influence - 39Characteristics of Out-of-town shopping centresRural- Urban Fringe
High order goods
Medium Threshold population
Large sphere of influence - 40Characteristics of Shopping ParadesSuburbs
High and Low order goods
Medium Threshold population
Medium sphere of influence - 41Characteristics of corner shopsInner City
Low order goods
Low Threshold population
Small sphere of influence - 42Charcteristics of Village SopsLow order goods
Low Threshold population
Small sphere of influence
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- GCSE Geography Flashcards on Geography: Population and Settlement, created by Becky Hemming on 31/03/2016.
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- Becky Hemming
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