Learning and memory - Lecture 5

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Based on an undergraduate degree level lecture on Learning and Memory
Georgina Burchell
Flashcards by Georgina Burchell, updated more than 1 year ago
Georgina Burchell
Created by Georgina Burchell over 8 years ago
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Question Answer
What is a memory trace? A mental representation of a previous experience (associated to some physical change in the brain)
Who were the researchers associated with patient HM? Scoville and Milner 1957
Name three key findings from HM Memory could be impaired selectively without loss of other cognitive functions Memory function localized to medial temporal lobes The hippocampus thought to be a key structure for memory
Define anterograde and retrograde amnesia Anterograde- can't form new memories after operation Retrograde amnesia- loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia
So how could HM learn? Mirror-tracing task (motor skills)
Name the two types of long term memory Declarative- what (information) Non-declarative- how (performance)
Name other brain regions involved in memory with an example of how we know this Limbic system (Korsakoffs syndrome- anterograde amnesia caused by a lack of thiamine seen in chronic alcoholism)
Name the two sub-divisions of declarative memory Episodic (memory) and semantic (facts)
Name parts of the brain associated with declarative memory Hippocampus and the Medial temporal lobe (MTL)
Besides HM and KC, how do we normally test declarative memory brain regions? Delayed non-matching-to-sample task with monkeys
How can a classically conditioned response be unlearned? Extinction
What is instrumental conditioning also known as? Operant conditioning
Name the part of the brain that influences spatial awareness? Hippocampus
Name some synaptic changes that effect memory More neurotransmitter released , larger postsynaptic receptive area, interneuron modulation, formation of new synapses, rearrangement of synpatic input
Describe Hebbs law Synapses grow stronger by changing chemically or structurally when the presynaptic neuron repeatedly causes the postsynaptic neuron to fire. Cells that fire together wire together
Name 3 types of synaptic changes which may store memory
What is Long-term Potentiation (LTP)? A stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses (synaptic strength)
How do you measure LTP? A single pulse is applied in the presynaptic neuron (baseline measure) A strong burst of electrical stimulation (tetanus) is then applied: triggers thousands of action potentials - LTP induction A single pulse is again applied and the magnitude of EPSP is measured.
If the pulses are presented slowly (low-frequency pulses), the opposite effect develops, what is this called? long-term depression (LTD)
How are NMDA receptors activated?
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