5215689
Description
Flashcards by Georgina Burchell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Georgina Burchell
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is a memory trace? | A mental representation of a previous experience (associated to some physical change in the brain) |
| Who were the researchers associated with patient HM? | Scoville and Milner 1957 |
| Name three key findings from HM | Memory could be impaired selectively without loss of other cognitive functions Memory function localized to medial temporal lobes The hippocampus thought to be a key structure for memory |
| Define anterograde and retrograde amnesia | Anterograde- can't form new memories after operation Retrograde amnesia- loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia |
| So how could HM learn? | Mirror-tracing task (motor skills) |
| Name the two types of long term memory | Declarative- what (information) Non-declarative- how (performance) |
| Name other brain regions involved in memory with an example of how we know this | Limbic system (Korsakoffs syndrome- anterograde amnesia caused by a lack of thiamine seen in chronic alcoholism) |
| Name the two sub-divisions of declarative memory | Episodic (memory) and semantic (facts) |
| Name parts of the brain associated with declarative memory | Hippocampus and the Medial temporal lobe (MTL) |
| Besides HM and KC, how do we normally test declarative memory brain regions? | Delayed non-matching-to-sample task with monkeys |
| How can a classically conditioned response be unlearned? | Extinction |
| What is instrumental conditioning also known as? | Operant conditioning |
| Name the part of the brain that influences spatial awareness? | Hippocampus |
| Name some synaptic changes that effect memory | More neurotransmitter released , larger postsynaptic receptive area, interneuron modulation, formation of new synapses, rearrangement of synpatic input |
| Describe Hebbs law | Synapses grow stronger by changing chemically or structurally when the presynaptic neuron repeatedly causes the postsynaptic neuron to fire. Cells that fire together wire together |
| Name 3 types of synaptic changes which may store memory | |
| What is Long-term Potentiation (LTP)? | A stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses (synaptic strength) |
| How do you measure LTP? | A single pulse is applied in the presynaptic neuron (baseline measure) A strong burst of electrical stimulation (tetanus) is then applied: triggers thousands of action potentials - LTP induction A single pulse is again applied and the magnitude of EPSP is measured. |
| If the pulses are presented slowly (low-frequency pulses), the opposite effect develops, what is this called? | long-term depression (LTD) |
| How are NMDA receptors activated? |
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