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Flashcards by Lillian Bixler, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by c.gale
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Copied by Lillian Bixler
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 5 stages of media production | Pre-production Production Post-production Distribution Exhibition/Consumption |
| What are the two types of media product | Analogue Digital |
| What is a Platform? | The means by which media is distributed TV broadcast, Cinema, Radio broadcast, Digital Download, CD, DVD, Website |
| What are Devices | The way a media product is accessed Smartphone, TV, Computer, Games Console, Tablet, E-reader |
| What is Cross-media Synergy | The way Media makes links across sectors to co-promote products e.g. Heat magazine & Big Brother Disney & Computer Games |
| Who Regulates advertisements | Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) |
| Who is Responsible for classifying films | British Board Film Classification (BBFC) |
| Who Regulates the TV and radio sectors | Office of Communications (OFCOM) |
| What is Technological convergence | When a range of platforms can be accessed by a single device e.g. the iPhone is a games console, MP3 player, camera and web browser. |
| Name different Media Sectors | Moving Image Audio Games Websites Publishing |
| What is a ‘mass’ audience? | Often termed ‘broadcast audience’ Those who consume mainstream or popular texts such as soap or sitcoms. Media and communication that targets a very large group of people (women. men, children, etc..) |
| What is a ‘niche’ audience? | Much smaller but very influential. A niche audience is a small and select group of people with a very unique interest. i.e. Interest Magazines like Cricket, Birds, etc. |
| What is a ‘fragmented’ audience? | The division of audiences into smaller groups due to the variety of media outlets (i.e. Newspapers often have a hard copy, and an online version) |
| What is a ‘primary’ audience? | Primary audiences are those who receive the communication directly. |
| What is a ‘secondary’ audience? | Secondary, or "hidden", audiences include anyone who may indirectly receive a copy of the communication. |
| What is the difference between passive and active media consumption? | Passive audience theory: When audiences directly receive and wholly accept ideas. Active audience theory: When audiences choose to consume a product to fulfil certain needs. |
| What is Hypodermic Needle Theory? | •This was one of the first media theories used as an attempt to explain how audiences consume media. • It suggests that the audience, passively (without knowing) have information “injected” into them via mass media, and influences how they can behave. |
| What is ‘Uses & Gratification’ Theory? | The Uses and Gratification Theory states that we are active consumers of media. |
| What reasons might we choose to consume a media product? | • Inform / Education • Entertainment • Social Interaction • Personal Identity |
| What is a regulatory body? | Public authority or government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity. |
| Who is OFCOM? | OFCOM is the independent regulator and authority for the UK communications industries. |
| What are the 3 main duties of OFCOM? | #1 (Wide Range of programming) To ensue the UK has a wide range of high-quality radio programmes that appeal to a range of tastes and interests and situations #2 (People are protected abusive) People who listen to the radio are protected from harmful or offensive material (swearing, racism, sexism) #3 (People privacy is protected) People are protected from being treated unfairly in radio programmes and from having their privacy invaded |
| Who is ASA? | The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the UK’s independent regulator of advertising |
| The ASA have reasonability over what? | All media sectors (advertising) |
| Can you name 3 complaint themes? | Misleading, discrimination (disability, sexual orientation, gender, religion) , sex, exploiting children, animals. |
| What is PEGI? | The Pan-European Game Information (PEGI) age rating system |
| Why was PEGI set up? | It was established to help European parents make informed decisions on buying computer games. |
| What appears on the front and back of games packaging? | Age rating – Front Descriptors - Back |
| What is the BBFC? | Their role is to classify (age rating): • Films • DVDs |
| What age ratings are used? | •U=Universal for all •PG=Parental Guidance •12A=The 12A requires an adult to accompany any child under 12 seeing a 12A film at the cinema. •12 = The 12 means they cannot watch unless they over the age of 12. •15 = No-one under 15 is allowed to see a 15 film at the cinema or buy/rent a 15 rated video. •18 = Films rated 18 are for adults. No-one under 18 is allowed to see an 18 film at the cinema or buy / rent an 18 rated video. •R18 = The R18 category is a special and legally-restricted classification primarily for explicit works of consenting sex or strong fetish material involving adults. |
| What is the PCC? | The Press Complaints Commission (PCC) is a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers. |
| What is the PCC also known as? | IPSO – Independent press standards organisation |
| How does the PCC operate? | Working on complaints made by individuals or organisations |
| What are its 16 codes of practice? | 1 Accuracy 2 Opportunity to reply 3 Privacy 4 Harassment 5 Intrusion into grief or shock 6 Children 7 Children in sex cases 8 Hospitals 9 Reporting of Crime 10 Clandestine devices 11 Victims of sexual assault 12 Discrimination 13 Financial journalism 14 Confidential sources 15 Witness payments in criminal trials 16 Payment to criminals |
| Name 3 Media sectors in the Media Industry: | • Computer Games • Film Production • Internet • Interactive Media • Print • Radio • Television |
| What impact has new technology had on the way in which we consume media? | EXAMPLES: We now read more news online, or on phones, we also read books on tablets, we stream more than watching DVD's, there are streaming subscriptions now like NETFLIX.. etc.. |
| Can you name any Large Media Companies | EXAMPLES: Disney, 21st Century FOX, Time Warner, Viacom, SKY, |
| How can a media company be a customer and a supplier? Give and example | EXAMPLE: Media company customer may be a film company that wishes to hire a specialist animation company for certain scenes which makes the film company the customer and the animation company the suppliers. |
| What is the Media Industry? | The industry in which the main activity is focused on communication through mass media – like other business industries, its purpose is to make money. |
| What is a Media Company? | An organisation, which is mainly concerned with communications through one or more of the mass media. |
| What is an Audience? Give some examples. | A group of people targeted by the media industry because they share broadly similar characteristics and interests (radio Listeners, Newspaper readers, web-traffic) |
| Why is it important to study the media industry? | -Influence/Effects -Modes of Communication. -Freedom of expression/opinion. |
| Why does it matter who owns the media outlets? | -Influence/Effects/Behaviour -Politics -Bias |
| Who regulates the media industry ? | -OFCOM -BBFC -PCC -ASA/BCAP -VSC -Internet Watch Foundation -PEGI |
| How might private ownership of a media outlet affect content? | An example could be political leaning. For example Rupert Murdoch who owns much of the Mass consumerist Newspapers like The Sun and has a right wing leaning news production meaning his news is skewed to that political belief system. |
| Why are audiences important? | • Without audiences there would be no media. • Media organisations produce media texts to make profit • No Audience = No Profit. |
| How does an individual in an audience consume media? What appeals to this type of viewer? | Audiences can engage with a digital media product alone. Examples include: a reader, gamer, consumer, web surfer, listener, DVD viewer, social networking The appeal and enjoyment of this might include: • privacy • convenience • individuality • accessibility • control |
| How does an audience as a group consume media? What appeals to these types of viewer? | Audiences can engage with a digital media product with others. Examples include: cinema audiences, TV audiences, online gamers, radio listeners, DVD viewers, social networking The appeal and collective enjoyment of this might include: • social interaction • competition • belonging • sharing |
| What is Old Media? Why is it in trouble? | “Old media” (TV, Print, Radio) which used to have high audience numbers must now work harder to maintain audience numbers with changes in technology and reader habits. |
| What is Cross Media Ownership? | As a result of the size of the companies, which now operate, they are able to diversify into more than one Media area. (Example: IPC-Film/Magazine/TV) |
| What is Synergy in relation to Cross Media Ownership? | The ability for a large media company to pool the resources of other companies to produce a better product at a reduced cost. |
| What are advantages of Cross Media Ownership? | 1) Reduced Costs – big companies have more purchasing power (think Tesco) and produce products at a reduced cost. • They can then either pass on this reduction to the consumer or increase their profit margins. 2) Synergy – they are able to pool the resources of the underlying companies to produce a better product at a reduced cost 3) Wider distribution – the markets into which the media text can be distributed are increased Bigger audience = bigger profit 4) Business Security – the diversity of the products on offer increases the security of the business – one market fails, can focus on another – think Sony – |
| What are disadvantages of Cross Media Ownership? | 1) BIAS/Not Fair: The Media is very persuasive – So, Bias(just hearing one opinion) and partiality(Favouring one viewpoint) are possible. This can affect many things, for example the outcome of an election. 2) Privacy – massive databases of personal information 3) Flow of Information – information providers control selection, organisation and flow of information (Example: Time Warner own 1,000,000,000 Google shares. Google own YouTube) 4) Branding – media texts become part of a brand and lose their individual status |
| What is a media text? | A text is any media product we wish to examine, whether it is a television program, a book, a poster, a popular song, the latest fashion, etc. |
| Who is legally responsible for the content in a particular media text? | The Media Producer |
| What is Aberrant reading? | Describes when the audience interprets meaning that is different from the intention of the media producer |
| What is meant by "Access" In terms of media? | Refers to a means of approach, i.e. making media is far more accessible now than ever before |
| What is meant by "Analogue" In terms of media? | An older and now outdated system of broadcast |
| What is "Active media" | Active viewing Media that requires audience interaction and engagement in order to acquire the full meaning or message embedded within the product. |
| What is "Active Viewing"? | An audience/consumer/viewer that fully interacts physically with a media product, contributes and becomes part of the production while having an element of control over how they interact with it |
| What is audience profiling? | A detailed breakdown (profile) defining the type of audience that would be interested in a particular media text. Producers will use audience profiling when creating a new media text, such as a television programme, to suggest who the primary audience would be. Audience profiling is also used in securing advertising sponsorship and deals with companies that share a similar audience profile. An audience profile usually consists of: • Age • Aspirations • Buying habits • Gender • Interests • Lifestyle • Loyalty to brands • Media consumption habits • NRS social grade • Occupation |
| What does "Audience research methods" refer to? | Finding out information about the audience through different means, such as questionnaires, surveys, focus groups (primary research) or Internet research and archive research (secondary research) |
| What are Audience Statistics? | The collection of numerical data in terms of circulation, hits, box office figures, ratings and sales that can be used to analyse the audience. |
| What is a closed Narrative? | A narrative with a clear sense of an ending and no loose ends |
| What is meant by the term"Cross Media"? | Where a media product can be distributed across a range of media platforms, e.g. the Angry Birds franchise is an excellent example of cross-media (game for different media platforms, merchandise, etc) |
| What are demographics? | Used to describe the audience of a media product through factors such as age, gender and NR5 social grade, e.g. the audience demographic of Vogue magazine can be described as predominately female, of the ABCi social grade and between the ages of 20 and 40 |
| What was Todorov's Narrative Theory? | That a stories plot line follows the same path or pattern. |
| What are Todorov' 5 steps in his narrative theory? | 1. Original equilibrium (Balance/exposition)- Things are normal 2. Disruption (Conflict arises) 3. Recognition (Characters react to conflict) 4. Attempt to restore (Confrontation) 5. New Equilibrium (resolution |
| What did Vladimir Propp do? | A Russian Scholar of Narrative writing, he identified that there are 8 character types in traditional folk tales/ narrative writing. |
| What are Vladimir Propp's 8 Character types? | 1. Villain 2. Helper 3. Princess/Prize 4. Her Father 5. Doner 6. Hero 7. False Hero 8 Dispatcher |
| Describe 'Story' | What happens and what it is about. |
| Describe 'Plot' | The main events in a story |
| Describe 'Narrative' | An Account of events. How the story is told. |
| Describe a LINEAR narrative structure | Told in straight chronological order (beginning to end). |
| Describe a NON-LINEAR narrative structure | Told out of chronological order. A disrupted or disjointed structure. |
| Describe a EPISODIC narrative structure | Told through a series of episodes or segments. |
| Describe a CIRCULAR narrative structure | Ends in same place it begins. |
| Describe Protagonist? | – Main character and central figure. – Often the hero of the story. |
| Describe Antagonist. | – Opposing force to the protagonist. – Often the villain of the story. |
| Describe The Villain Character type. | The Villain struggles against the hero. The Villain is typically shown as being morally bad. This turns the audience against him and drives them to support the hero. The Villains’ lack of morals serves to highlight the goodness of the Hero. The Villain may seek to prevent the Hero from achieving the goal or may quest after the same artefact. |
| Describe The Hero Character type. | Generally the hero leads the narrative. The story being told is the story of the hero. They are usually looking for something - a quest, or trying to solve something- a mystery. Usually they are the person we want to succeed in the story. |
| Describe The Princess/Prize Character type. | The Princess may take two forms. First, he/she may be the object which is deliberately sought by the Hero, perhaps finding where the Villain has taken him/her. Secondly, she may be the reward, such that after completing some other mission, they gain his/her affections or hand in marriage. The Princess may be seen very little in the story, perhaps appearing only at the end, or may be an important character, accompanying the Hero on their mission. The Princess may be pursued by many, in particular by the False Hero. |
| Describe The Donor Character type. | The Donor is a person who gives the Hero something special, such as a magical weapon or some particular wisdom, a clue or a special power. This gift enables the Hero to complete their quest. This role may be combined with that of a Helper. The Donor may not give up their gift without setting the Hero another task, from a simple riddle to another quest. |
| Describe The Helper Character type. | The Hero is supported in his or her quest by a Helper, who appears at critical moments to provide support. The Helper may also be found in a support role, helping the hero throughout the story. The limitations of he helper often help to highlight the hero's defining characteristics such as intelligence, determination, courage, etc. |
| Describe The Princess' Father Character type. | The Princess’ Father gives the task to the hero. The Princess's Father is a key figure for the Hero to persuade, as the Father is almost always protective of his daughter. The Father may also be in competition in some way with the Hero for the Princess's affections and a triangle may form. This may be a difficult character to define in modern story telling. |
| Describe The False Hero Character type. | The False Hero appears to act heroically and may even be initially mistaken for the real Hero. The False Hero will try to steal the Hero's thunder, grabbing the credit and perhaps trying to marry the princess instead. The False Hero may also gain the respect or other control of the Princess's Father, thus frustrating the Hero's ability to gain the hand of the Princess. |
| Describe The Dispatcher Character type. | An early role in the story is that of the Dispatcher who sends the Hero on the mission. This may be a family member such as a mother or father. It can also be the Princess's Father, who gives the Hero a set of quests to be completed before he gains the hand of the Princess. The Dispatcher may also be combined with another role, for example the False Hero who then trails along behind (perhaps disguised as a Helper). |
| What are stylistic codes? | Codes are systems of signs, which create meaning. They can create mood with atmosphere, Direct or alert the viewer attention, Indicate or signify something, reflect, enhance or change the time frame. |
| Name as many stylistic codes as possible, aim for 8! | Colour (Cinematography) Camera Angles & Shots (Cinematography) Composition (Cinematography) Navigation Mise-en-Scene Lighting Editing Sound |
| What is Mise-en-Scène? | Is a French term meaning “what is put into a scene or frame”. Setting Props Costume Performance Lighting Colour |
| Describe Props and their effect. | Props are the objects placed within the setting. They serve to strengthen the effect of the setting and makes it more convincing. |
| Describe Costume and their effect. | Costumes helps create an actors character. They can place a character within a period of time or lifestyle. They can reveal things about the character. |
| Describe Performance, and elements of it. | The way an actor moves could indicate fear, panic, confidence, certainty or friendliness. Facial expressions can create: fear, anger, happiness or sadness. |
| Why are lighting and colour important? | Lighting and colour can highlight the emotions, themes or messages that are being put across. |
| What is cinematography? And what does it entail? | The art of photography and camera work in filmmaking. This includes: Movement Framing Angles Colour Lighting |
| What is meant by Denotation? | A description of what is presented. |
| What is meant by Connotation? | What you associate with what has been presented to you. |
| What do we mean by genre? | Film genre refers to the method of categorising films based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed, or the emotional responses they get. |
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