Flashcards
1_Memory 1001PSY Lecture 5
Cards in this deck (57)
- 1Encodinggetting information into memory, forming a memory code
- 2Storagerefers to keeping the information in memory
- 3Retrievalaccessing the information at a later time
- 43 Basic Memory ProcessesEncoding, Storage and Retrieval
- 5Attentionfocusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events
is selective
is a pre-requisite of encoding
lack of attention =>pseudo forgetting
different ways of encoding - 6Levels of processing theory Craik & Lockhart (1972)Craik & Lockhart (1972)
found deeper levels of processing => longer lasting memories - 73 Levels/Depths of EncodingStructural encoding
Phonemic encoding
Semantic encoding - 8Structural Encoding shallowShallowest level of processing
emphasis on physical structure of stimulus
e.g. PIG vs pig - 9Phonemic Encoding intermediateIntermediate level of processing
emphasis on what stimulus sounds like
i.e. what a word sounds like
e.g. rhyming pig with big etc
or initial sound: /p/ - 10Semantic Encoding deepDeepest level of encoding
Accessing the meaning of the stimulus
i.e. emphasises on meaning of verbal input
-is this an animal?
- does this thing have 4 legs? - 11Craik & Lockhart (1975) Experiment: Stimuli: words Encoding task: Ps answered q's about words. 3 types of q's to induce structural, phomnemic or semantic encoding Recall of words was testedResults: Recall was
-lowest after structural
-higher after phonemic
-highest after semantic encoding - 12Semantic encoding best for Exams 3 ways to enrich1. Elaboration
2. Visual Imagery
3. Self-referent encoding - 13Elaboration Pair idea/meaning with examplesLinking stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
i.e. elaborating on the information with main idea accompanied by examples. - 14Visual Imagery Create images about ideaCreate visual images to represent TBR words
-useful for concrete words: juggler
-less so for abstract words: truth, legitimacy - 15Visual Imagery Dual-coding theory Paivio, (1986)Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes
either code can => recall
2 codes are better than 1
best recall for high-high pairs
worst recall for low-low pairs - 16Self-referent encoding is idea personally relevant-deciding how or whether information is personally relevant or meaningful
-extension of levels of processing approach - 17Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) Experiment Stimuli: Trait adjectives eg sly, shrewd, timid Q's to induce self-referent encoding Does this word apply to you personally?Results:
Self-referent encoding => better recall of adjectives - 18Atkinson & Shiffrin's model of memory storage3 seperate stores
differing in
3 different ways - 193 storage stores1-sensory memory
2- short term memory (STM)
3-long term memory (LTM) - 20Storage stores differ in 3 seperate wayswhich differ in terms of:
1-capacity,
3-encoding format
3-and duration - 21Stimulus=>Sensory registers=>short-term memory STM=>long-term memory LTMStimulus comes in, hits sensory registers, some information lost initially from sensory register, rest of information goes to STM for rehearsal. LTM retrieves information from STM, some information gets lost and other stored for later.
- 22Sensory Memoryallows us to experience sensation after stimulation has ceased
allows time for us to recognise objects or events
example: circular after-image created by sparklers - 23Sensory memory format stores: large 25+ stimuli duration: brief 1/4 sec to 2 sec sends only some to STMEncodes: copy of input as it's presented, image, sound, touch sensation
Storage capacity: large, 25+ stimuli stored simultaneously
Storage Duration: very brief, 1/4 second to 2 seconds
Info that receives attention => STM Remainder decays rapidly and is lost - 24Short-term memory encoded mostly by phonemic stores: 7+/- Chunks duration: 30 secs without rehearsal longer with rehearsal sends to LTMholds and manipulates information for short periods
encoding format mostly phonemic
storage 7+- chunks, chunk group familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
Rehearsal process of repeatedly verbalising or thinking about the info. Helps transfer info from STM to LTM - 25Long-term Memory encoded mostly by semantic stores: unlimited duration: permanent/not permanent? Can last a lifetimestores acquired knowledge and skills
mostly semantic encoded
storages capacity seems unlimited
2 views, storage is permanent, not permanent. info lasts a lifetime. - 26LTM Stimulus comes in=>hits sensory memory (if not attended to , forgotten) =>selective attention=>STM (Rehearsal buffer) (if not coded, forgotten) => successfully coded for LTMLTM
- 27Working Memory (WM) approach an elaboration of STM Baddeley et al (1975, 1986, 1990)Working Memory WM has 3 components
- 283 Components of Working (short-term) MemoryPhonological Loop (PL)
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP)
Central Executive (CE) - 29Phonological Loopholds and manipulates speech based info
PL involves phonological store
memory traces fade after 2 secs unless refreshed by rehearsal
involved in serial recall tasks (memory span) - 30Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSSP)-similar function for visual & spatial information
-involved in memory for location of objects in space - 31Central Executive (CE)-an attentional control system that is aided by the VSSP & PL
-involved in reasoning & decision making - 32Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Procedural memory & Declarative memory Declarative => Semantic memory & Episodic memoryLong term memory is either
a Procedural memory (skills, habits)
or
b Declarative memory which is either Semantic/Generic (general knowledge) or
Episodic (special events) - 33Procedural memoryHow to ride a bike.
Typing skills
-memory for actions, skills, operations, conditioned responses - 34Declarative memoryName recall, facts, definitions, events, concepts, dates, faces etc
-Handles factual information - 35Declarative memory broken down intoEpisodic memory
&
Semantic/Generic - 36Episodic memory-made up of chronological or temporarily dated recollections of personal experience
-record of things experienced, meals eaten, plays seen, stories read
-includes contextual features, time, place, source - 37Semantic/Generic memorygeneral knowledge that is not tied to context
facts
dogs have 4 legs
Gold Coast is in Queensland
1001PSY is a great course - 38RetrievalOften occurs without effort
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
-temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it is just out of reach
-demonstrates retrieval failure - 39Facilitating RetrievalRetrieval cues: can facilitate retrieval
Reinstating the context: providing cues about the context in which an event occurred - 40Ways to Assess memoryRecall tasks
Recognition tasks - 41Recall Tasks-participant reproduces items that studied earlier
-free recall, serial recall - 42Recognition tasks-participants judge whether items were presented earlier
-participants judge whether items were presented in same location earlier - 43ForgettingFacts crammed at exam time soon vanish, if they were not grounded by other study and later subjected to sufficient review. (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1865)
- 44Why do we forgetNo attention =>no encoding => Pseudo forgetting
Shallow processing, no use of imagery, no elaboration => ineffective encoding => forget
Decay => traces fade with time => forget
Interference => competition from other material => forgetting - 45Proactive Interference & Retroactive InterferenceProactive Interference (PI)
old learning interferes with new learning
Retroactive interference (RI)
new learning interferes with old learning - 46Motivated forgetting-tendency to forget things one does not want to think about
-anxiety producing material is remembered less well than emotionally neutral material - 47Repression-Keeping distressing thoughts & feelings buried in the unconscious (Freud)
- 48SchemaInformation in LTM is organised
-schema is a organised cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events
-can facilitate encoding, storage & retrieval - 49Reconstructive nature of memory-Information retrieved is usually not an exact copy of what was encoded
-Schema theories of memory emphasise the reconstructive nature of memories
-Schemas can assist recall
-Schemas can make recall less accurate - 50Misinformation effect-everyday application
-wording of q's used by police or lawyers can alter witness's memory of incident
-eye witness memory for details might be less reliable than is generally assumed
-Loftus' work => the memory wars - 51AmnesiaExtensive memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
- 52Retrograde Amnesiaperson loses memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
- 53Anterograde amnesiaperson loses memories for events that occur after the injury. New learning is impaired.
- 54Consolidation Case study HM: cannot consolidate information in LTM-process involving gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM
- 55Brain Medial Temporal Regionconsolidation of explicit declarative information
- 56Frontal Lobesworking memory, procedural memory and aspects of episodic memory.
- 57Posterior Regionscreating mental representations
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