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Flashcards

Large Animal Reproductive System (Practical)

Florence Edwards Year 1 BVSc English 103 cards

Cards in this deck (103)

  1. 1Which 2 blood vessels drain the venous ring surrounding the base of the udder?External pudendal vein
    Subcutaneous abdominal (milk) vein
  2. 2Which structures make up the suspensory apparatus of the udder?Lateral lamina joining to form 2 medial lamina
  3. 3Where is the udder attached to the body?Pubic bone cranially at the tendon of the pubic symphysis
    Caudally the lamina run either side of the linea alba
  4. 4What is the name for the region between the left and right portions of the medial lamina in ruminants?Plate of cleavage
  5. 5What is the name of the region slightly partitioning the gland sinus from the teat sinus?Annular fold
  6. 6How many preputial folds are there in the horse?2 - inner and outer preputial fold to allow for telescopic retraction
  7. 7What is unusual about the prepuce in the pig?Preputial diverticulum which is located dorsally and cranially
  8. 8Between which layers is a closed castration performed?Internal and external spermatic fascia
    Spermatic cord is ligated without entering the vaginal cavity
  9. 9Give 5 ways to identify horse testesMore rounded oval than pig
    More rounded mediolaterally than bull
    Spermatic cord joins testis perpendicular to long axis
    Epididymis is dorsal so head and tail project cranially/caudally
    Body of epididymis as thick as head
  10. 10Give 4 ways to identify bull testesSpermatic cord joins straight into long axis of testis
    Flattened mediolaterally
    Longer and less round than sheep
    Epididymis is dorsal and cap-like
  11. 11Give 2 ways to identify pig testesPointed oval shape
    Head and tail of epididymis large relative to middle section
  12. 12What is the name of the mesentery of the testes?Mesorchium
  13. 13Which structures does the scrotal ligament connect?Internal and external spermatic fascia
  14. 14Which structures does the ligament of the tail of the epididymis connect?Tail of epididymis and internal spermatic fascia
  15. 15Which structures does the proper ligament connect?Testis and tail of epididymis
  16. 16What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?Comprised of testicular artery and vein
    Vein twists around artery to allow heat exchange
  17. 17Give 2 examples of domestic species with a fibroelastic penisRuminants
    Pigs
  18. 18Give 2 examples of domestic species with a musculocavernous penisHorse and dog
  19. 19What are the 4 regions of the penis in the horse from proximal to distal?Outer fold of prepuce
    Inner fold of prepuce
    Collum glandis
    Corona glandis
  20. 20What surrounds the urethral process in the stallion?Fossa glandis
    Urethral sinus is located in dorsal aspect of fossa glandis
  21. 21What is the clinical relevance of the urethral process in the stallion?Both the fossa glandis and urethral sinus must be swabbed to check for contagious equine metritis (CEM)
  22. 22Give 3 characteristics of the ruminant penisFibroelastic
    Pointed glans
    Assymmetrical and twisted
  23. 23Give 3 ways to identify a bull penisSmall glans
    Small urethral process attached to body of penis
    End is flattened dorsoventrally and slightly twisted
  24. 24Give 3 ways to identify a sheep penisLarger glans penis than the bull
    Long worm-like urethral process
    Tuberculum spongiosum - region of erectile tissue on the left side
  25. 25Give 4 ways to identify a pig penisFibroelastic
    No urethral process
    No glans
    Free part is spirally twisted and engages the cervix during copulation
  26. 26What type of sigmoid flexure is found in the boar?Pre scrotal
  27. 27What type of sigmoid flexure is found in the bull?Post scrotal
  28. 28Name the cavernous bodies of the penisCorpus spongiosum
    Paired corpora cavernosa
  29. 29In which cavernous body does the urethra run?Corpus spongiosum
  30. 30Where does the dorsal artery of the penis arise from?Internal pudendal artery
    Branch of internal iliac artery
  31. 31Which veins are responsible for most of the drainage of blood from the body of the penis in the horse?External pudendal vein, through inguinal canal into external iliac vein
  32. 32Why is it difficult to catheterise the bull, boar, ram and billy goat?Sigmoid flexure of penis
  33. 33What is the function of the vestibularis muscle and erectile tissue in the female?Compresses superficial vein of glans penis to aid in erection
  34. 34What is the name of the erectile tissue in the female?Vestibular bulb
  35. 35Where are the clitoris and clitoral fossa located?Ventral commissure of vulva
  36. 36Give 2 ways to identify the female external genitalia in a pigThick labiae vulvae
    Small and pointed glans clitoridis
  37. 37Give 3 ways to identify the female external genitalia in a mareExternal urethral orifice is readily dilatable
    Glans clitoridis largest of all domestic species
    Glans clitoridis not covered or concealed by a fossa clitoridis
  38. 38Give 2 ways to identify the female external genitalia in a cowGlans clitoridis very small, almost absent
    As well as the vestibular glands there are two major vestibular glands, each with a single duct
  39. 39Where is the urethral opening located in females?Ventrally at the boundary between the vulva and the vestibule
  40. 40Why may you encounter difficulties with catheterisation of the cow?Presence of suburethral diverticulum within vestibule
  41. 41Give 3 features of the external ostium of the cervix that could be observed if the animal was in oestrusEngorged
    Loose
    Reddened
  42. 42How is the cervix closed when not in oestrus or pregnancy?Interdigitating folds
    Plug of mucous
  43. 43Describe the cervix in the horseVaginal part forms rounded projection
  44. 44Describe the cervix in the cowVaginal part sunken within recess in vaginal wall
  45. 45Describe the cervix in the sheepSlit-like external ostium
  46. 46Describe the cervix in the sowExternal opening indistinct
  47. 47Give 4 features of horse ovariesKidney shaped
    Corpora lutea do not project from surface
    Dorsally positioned beneath lumbar vertebrae
    Ovaries partially enclosed in ovarian bursa
  48. 48Give 3 features of ruminant ovariesOvaries migrate caudally to pelvic brim
    Very open ovarian bursa
    Corpora lutea project from ovarian surface
  49. 49Give 3 features of pig ovariesIntermediate to ruminant and horse
    Ovaries hang in mesovarium lateroventral to the pelvic brim
    Distinct ovarian bursa but ovaries not as enclosed as in the horse
  50. 50Which animal has the largest ovaries?Mares
  51. 51How can follicles and corpora lutea be distinguished by palpation?Follicles feel more blister-like
    Corpora lutea feel firmer
  52. 52Which structures comprise the ovarian bursa?Mesovarium and mesosalpinx
  53. 53What is the homologue of the ovarian artery in the male?Testicular artery
  54. 54What is the function of fimbriae of the uterine tube?Waft oocyte into infundibulum of uterine tube
  55. 55What type of uterus is found in the horse?Bicornuate
  56. 56What type of uterus is found in the cow?Bicornuate, with a septum separating the horns
  57. 57Are horses monotoccous or polytoccous?Monotoccous
  58. 58Are cows monotoccous or polytoccous?Monotoccous
  59. 59Are ewes monotoccous or polytoccous?Bitoccous
  60. 60Are pigs monotoccous or polytoccous?Polytoccous
  61. 61Where does the conceptus lie in the uterus of horses?Mainly in uterine body, only partly extending to one uterine horn
  62. 62What is unusual about the endometrium of the uterus in horses when pregnant?Endometrial cups - circular thickened areas of endometrium with an adherent graft of foetally derived cells, secreting Pregnant Mares Serum Gonadotrophin
  63. 63What happens to the uterus in cows during pregnancy?Uterus 'lost' over pelvic brim after 5 months
  64. 64What is the effect of oxytocin on the uterus in cows?Stimulates rapid post-partum uterine involution
  65. 65How many intercornual ligaments are present in the cow?2
  66. 66Where is the conceptus located in the pig uterus?Polytoccous so there is trans-uterine migration of the conceptus so that even distribution is achieved
  67. 67What is the size of the pig uterus non-gravid?5 cm
  68. 68Give 4 ways to determine whether a uterus has become gravidDifference in horn size
    Palpation of foetus
    Palpation of foetal cotyledons in ruminants
    Fremitus in middle uterine artery of large animals
  69. 69Which structures are supplied by the internal iliac artery?Main blood supply to the pelvis
  70. 70Name the branches of the internal iliac arteryUmbilical artery
    Cranial gluteal artery
    Caudal gluteal artery to gluteal muscles
    Internal pudendal artery
  71. 71What are the major branches of the internal pudendal artery?Ventral perineal/penile arteries
    Urogenital artery
  72. 72What is the name of the urogenital artery in males and what structures does it supply?Prostatic artery
    Supplies rectum, bladder, urethra and prostate
  73. 73What is the name of the urogenital artery in females and what structures does it supply?Vaginal artery
    Supplies rectum, vagina and uterus
  74. 74Which structures are supplied by the umbilical artery?Bladder
    Gives off middle uterine artery in ruminants and pigs
  75. 75What structure does the obturator artery supply in the horse?Penis
  76. 76From which artery is the obturator artery in the horse derived?Branch of cranial gluteal artery that passes through obturator foramen
    Cranial gluteal artery is in turn a branch of the internal iliac artery
  77. 77How does the blood supply differ in the large animals (horses and ruminants) compared to the dog?Extra uterine artery called middle uterine artery in the horse and ruminant
    Branch of external iliac artery in the mare
    Branch of umbilical artery in ruminants and pigs
  78. 78What is the clinical relevance of the middle uterine artery?In advanced pregnancy (6 months onwards in cows) can feel a fremitus or buzz in the middle uterine artery on the internal wing of the ileum
  79. 79What is the length of the internal iliac artery in the horse?Short
  80. 80What is the length of the internal iliac artery in ruminants?Long
  81. 81What is the length of the internal pudendal artery in the horse?Long
  82. 82What is the length of the internal pudendal artery in ruminants?Short
  83. 83Which artery is a major source of blood to the male genitalia in the horse?Obturator artery
  84. 84Where can the pelvic plexus be identified?Delicate network of nerves on the lateral walls of the rectum
  85. 85Which nerves contribute to the pelvic plexus?Sympathetic: hypogastric nerves from caudal mesenteric ganglion
    Parasympathetic: pelvic nerves (S1-S3 in dog, S2-S4 in horse and cow)
  86. 86What is the numerical origin of the obturator nerve?L4-L6
  87. 87What is the location of the obturator nerve?Runs down shaft of ileum and through the obturator foramen
  88. 88Which structures are innervated by the obturator nerve?Adductor muscles of hindlimbs
  89. 89What is the numerical origin of the sciatic nerve?S6, S7, L1, L2
  90. 90What is the location of the sciatic nerve?Lies ventral to the sacrum and leaves the pelvis via the greater ischiatic foramen
  91. 91Which structures are innervated by the sciatic nerve?Hindlimbs
  92. 92What is the numerical origin of the pudendal nerve?S1-S3 in dog
    S2-S4 in horse and cow
  93. 93What is the location of the pudendal nerve?Lies medial to sacrosciatic ligament (sacrotuberous ligament in dog)
  94. 94Which 5 structures are innervated by the pudendal nerve?Muscles of anus and vestibule
    Vagina
    Anus
    Genitalia
    Sensory innervation from ventral perineum
  95. 95What is the location of the caudal rectal nerves in the dog?Branch of pudendal nerve
  96. 96What is the numerical origin of the caudal rectal nerves in the cow?S4-S5
  97. 97Which 4 structures are innervated by the caudal rectal nerve?Muscles of pelvic and urogenital diaphragms
    External anal sphincter
    Sensory innervation to perineum
    Parasympathetic innervation to rectum
  98. 98What is the numerical origin of the pelvic nerves?S1-S3 in dog
    S2-S4 in cow
  99. 99What is the location of the pelvic nerves?Cross sciatic nerve to ramify on the lateral wall of the rectum
  100. 100Which structures are innervated by the pelvic nerves?Provide parasympathetic innervation to pelvic contents and bladder
  101. 101Which nerves supply sympathetic innervation to the pelvic contents?Hypogastric nerves from caudal mesenteric ganglion
  102. 102Which structures forms the walls of the greater sciatic foramen?Sacrotuberous/sacrosciatic ligament and sacrospinous ligament
  103. 103Which structures form the walls of the lesser sciatic foramen?Sacrotuberous/sacrosciatic ligament

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BVSc Year 1 (Endocrine and Reproductive) Flashcards on Large Animal Reproductive System (Practical), created by Florence Edwards on 27/04/2016.
Created by
Florence Edwards · Apr 2016
Updated
Apr 7, 2018
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