Economy- Weimar

Question	Answer
How did the Weimar deal with WW1? Statistic to show this.	Used all gold reserves. Printed more and more money. June 1914 there were 6,300 million marks in circulation. Dec 1918 over 33, 000 million marks. Caused inflation.
At the end of the war how many printing firms were there?	150 printing firms with 2,000 printing presses working day and night to produce enough bank notes.
How much did farm production drop by during the war? What happened to industrial production?	20% and it almost halved.
What were the main stages of the economy in the Weimar?	1918-1923 1924-1928 1929-1932
What were the crises 1918-1923?	Social welfare. Debts and reparations. The Ruhr. Hyperinflation. Change of government.
How did the government manage social welfare?	Set up re-training schemes for those who had fought in the war, Loans to help those leaving the army. Pension payments for wounded, orphans, widowers. National committees set up to oversee care in the lander.
In 1920 how many disabled veterans were there and how many survivors not classified as disabled?	1,537,000 disabled veterans. 1,954,000 survivors.
In 1924 how many disabled veterans was the government still supporting?	768,000.
How many war widows and how many children were being supported?	420,000 with 1,020,000 children.
How many parents of dead soldiers were being supported?	190,000
What percentage of the population was receiving federal welfare payments?	10% but many others had regional poor relief. Government had to go into debt to make the payments.
How much did Germany owe in 1918?	150 billion marks. This was around 3x what it had owed in 1914.
From when onwards did Germany engage in negotiations with the allies about reparations?	1921
When did Germany cease to pay reparations 'in kind'?	1924
When did Germany fail to pay its reparations in full?	January 1923
What was the 'London Ultimatum of the Allies,' when did it occur and what was decided?	1921. Meeting of the allies following Germany not paying back reparations in full. The reparations should be met or the allies would invade the Ruhr.
Who invaded the Ruhr and when?	The French invaded the Ruhr with the help of Belgium troops. January 1923 following Germany not meeting its reparations. The Ruhr was vital for the economy- lots of industries such as coal, based there.
What did Germany do in response to the invasion of the Ruhr?	Stopped reparation payments to France. Told officials not to accept orders from non-Germans. Urged passive resistance.
How did France respond to Germany's response to the invasion?	Cut the Ruhr off from the rest of Germany. Border was controlled by armed forces and they took control of the telegraph and postal services. Tried to bring in own workers/used force to deal with resistance.
What evidence is there to suggest that the behaviour of France was harsh?	1923, series of reports into the behaviour of the occupies. Based on 90 testimonies made under oath and photographic evidence. Callous disregard in terms of living conditions- little in the way of food and shelter. Instances of murder and rape.
Who eventually tried to deal with the situation in the Ruhr?	1923- new coalition government. Called and end to the resistance and began negotiations.
What caused inflation in 1923?	The invasion of the Ruhr.
Statistic to show the inflation.	Newspaper that cost 1 mark May 1922. 100,000 marks September 1923. 700 billion marks November 1923. Prices were going up several times a day.
Why did more people use the Black Market?	They had lost their faith in money. BM could not provide enough for everyone. Prices rose so much that only the rich could buy on it. Those with goods to sell on it= thrived.
How many federal and government employees lost their jobs?	750,000
What did business, towns and regions issue?	Emergency money.
What was the name of the wealthy family who were affected by hyperinflation? What happened to them?	Von Lingans. Head of the family owned lots of land and servants. Had to close the home and sack servants. Took job in the offices of a factory.
When was the crisis at its worst and what did it result in?	Aug 1923. Government collapsed.
When was the 'Emergency Decree' signed and who used it? How did it help?	10th August 1923. Stresemann. He could rule by decree if necessary and could postpone Reichstag meetings. Avoided tying up decision making in the government. Acted more rapidly and decisively. Take action without consulting with various coalition members.
How long did the coalition last for?	Aug 1923- November 1923.
List the Weimar policies for recovery.	Regaining control over money. Stresemann/Foreign Policy. Recovery of businesses. Agriculture. Government spending.
What was the 'mark' replaced by? When was it replaced? Why was it replaced?	Replaced by the 'Rentenmark.' October 1923. Because the 'mark' was almost worthless. Needed to regain control of economy.
Who was the introduction of the Rentenmark overseen by?	Hjalmar Schacht.
When was Hjalmar Schacht made president of the Reichsbank?	December 1923.
What was the effect of changing to the Rentenmark?	Restored faith in the economy at home and abroad. People traded in hoarded emergency money and foreign currency for the rentenmark.
What was used alongside of the rentenmark?	Use of emergency decrees to control prices, rents and wages. Stabilisation of the economy.
When was the Reichsmark (RM) introduced?	Aug 1924.
What is Stresemann known as?	'Architect of Germany's economic recovery.'
What was the USA known as?	'The world's banker.'
What are cartels?	Groups of businesses in the same industry/retail sector that make agreements to set and control pries.
How many cartels were there in the mid 1920's? What effect did they have?	Around 2,500. Brought some stability as they stopped prices moving so much. But could set prices higher than if they were separate competing businesses.
What did some cartels do? Give an example of a cartel that did this.	Organised themselves into associations of shared interest. I.G Farben in 1925 united several chemical-based cartels.
Give a statistic that shows the success of the chemical industry.	By 1925, the chemical industry was making 1/3 more than in 1913. Almost 2/3 more by 1930.
What hindered the success of recovering businesses?	Significant disputes between workers and owners. Over better conditions/extending hours and cutting wages. Strikes and lockouts were common. Dealt with by state arbitration boards.
When was state arbitration introduced?	October 1923.
Who's polices did state arbitration differ from?	Friedrich Ebert- first chancellor of the Council of Peoples' Representatives.
When did Germany join the LON?	10th September 1926.
What year did exports reach their 1913 level? What was the 1913 level? When was it 34% higher than 1913 levels?	1926. 10 billion marks. 1929.
What fraction of workers were agricultural?	Between 1/3 and 1/4.
Why did big farms manage better than small farms?	They could invest in machinery and new techniques.
How did big land owners use their political influence? Give an example.	Hindenburg was a big land owner. 1918 Reich Settlement Law. Made land owners sell land to the government so it could be redistributed among the poorest peasants. Strung out the negotiations over land sales. Pressed for high grain subsidies to help bigger farms.
Give a statistic on tax banding. What was the effect of this?	1913 the lowest tax band had 47% of tax payers. 1926- 62% of taxpayers. 1928 55% of tax payers. The government had to borrow more money that they could have made by rising taxes.
By the end of 1932, industrial outputs were what fraction of its 1928 level?	1/2
What percentage did wages fall by?	20-30%
When did the 'grand coalition' collapse and who headed the government it was replaced by?	1930. A coalition headed by Bruning.
What did Bruning suggest?	Wage cuts, higher taxes and cuts in government spending.
Who agreed with Bruning? What happened?	Reichstag rejected Bruning's policies. Hindenburg agreed with policies. Reluctantly went back to government by decree July 1930.
What is deflation?	Keeping prices low by reducing government spending.
What was the Hoover Moratorium and when was it signed?	1st July 1931. International agreement that said Germany didn't need to pay back loans/interest on them for a year. It had become clear to all countries that Germany would not be able to repay loans/reparations because of the dire worldwide economic climate.
What was suggested December 1931?	Leading trade unionists suggested a plan for job creation like in the USA. Others suggested devaluing the currency.
What was Bruning's reaction to the suggestions of December 1931?	Another emergency decree introducing more wage cuts, tax rises and rent cuts. Said that the reparations would not be paid for ANOTHER year.
D	No, they deepened the recession further. Industrial production fell, prices and exports fell. All by around 50%. Unemployment was at its highest 1932.
When did Von Papen replace Bruning?	Late May 1932.
What did Von Papen introduce?	Some tax concessions. Subsidies for businesses that created new jobs. Produced some improvement.
When did Von Schleicher become chancellor?	December 1932.
What did Von Schleicher do?	Appointed a Reich commissioner of employment. Drew up a list of public works to be financed by the government to create employment. Given a budget of RM500 million. Nothing put in place before Hitler came into power.
Why were there severe shortages in WW1?	Horses were required at front-difficult to farm, Allied blockades of German ports. Alternative foods such as 'K-brot' became popular.
Give a statistic on living standards. Children.	In one district of Berlin. 90% of 2-6 year olds were undernourished.
What was standard of living measured by? When did this method of measurement begin?	Based on the cost of a family of goods for a family of 5. Compared to 1914 levels. 2 adults, 3 children: 18 months, 7 years and 12 years old. Covered food, lighting, accommodation, heating. Clothes added April 1922. Didn't include furniture/transport. Intervals were monthly at first. Twice a month 1922. Weekly 1923. Twice weekly at the height of inflation. Shows instability of economy.
How many districts/places was the survey made up of?	560 local authority districts.
Give a statistic about lodgers.

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