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| Question | Answer |
| Experimental Psychology | William Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory and experimental psychology was born |
| Introspection (Experimental Psychology) | Developed by Wundt and his colleagues, introspection is the process of reflecting upon yourself and reporting your conscious experience |
| Structuralism | Structuralism focuses on breaking mental processes down into their most basic components, seeking to describe but not explain the basic elements of consciousness (Titchener) |
| Functionalism | Functionalism emphasises the purpose of consciousness and behaviour in helping us adapt to the environment (James) |
| Psychodynamics | Dynamic interplay of mental forces |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | - Emphasises the roles of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behaviour - Proposes that our actions reflect the associations between thoughts, feelings, and wishes in our minds (grew from Freud's psychoanalysis) |
| Pleasure Principle (Psychodynamics) | The constant drive to experience pleasure and avoid pain |
| Freudian Slip (parapraxis) (Psychodynamics) | Error in speech that is interpreted as occurring due to the interference of an unconscious wish or conflict |
| Behaviourism | Emphasises internal mental events as the motivation for our behaviour, behaviourism focuses on the influence of external events (Watson - founder, Skinner, Pavlov) |
| Stimulus (Behaviouralism) | Any object in the external environment or any change in the physiology of the animal |
| Response (Behaviouralism) | The behaviour the animal produces |
| Learning (Behaviouralism) | Documented by observable change in behaviour, conditioning is often used instead of "learning" |
| Classical Conditioning (Behaviouralism) | Based on the premise that certain stimuli automatically trigger certain responses. The conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired, eventually the two stimuli become associated and the organism produces a behavioural response to the conditioned stimulus |
| Tabula Rasa (Behaviouralism) | The human mind at birth is a "blank slate" (tabula rasa) your experience, exposure to events and various stimuli, control your behaviour and shape you into who you are |
| Reinforcers (Behaviouralism) | Increase behaviours, can be positive or negative |
| Punishers (Behaviouralism) | Decrease behaviour |
| Humanism | Theoretical approach that emphasises the uniqueness of the individual, their individual perception and experience of their world - Focuses on self actualisation (Carl Rogers) |
| Rogerian Therapy (Humanism) | Humanistic approach to therapy is person-centred (or client-centred) therapy, it relies on reflective/empathetic listening techniques, and the therapist having unconditional positive regard for the client, and accurate empathy |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Humanism) | Once physiological needs for food, sleep, water ect. have been met, an individual can start to think about pursuing other needs. The five levels of the pyramid go from basic to advanced: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualisation |
| Positive Psychology | Focuses on mental health and aims to shed light on positive emotions such as joy, optimism and contentment (Seligman) |
| Broaden-and-Build Theory (Positive Psychology) | Positive emotions broaden people's awareness, encouraging them to consider novel, original solutions to their problems, negative emotions narrow the mindset and prompt a narrowed range of behaviours |
| Duchenne Smiles | Real smiles |
| Components of Happiness (Positive Psychology) | 1. Positive Emotion & Pleasure 2. Engagement in Life 3. A Meaningful Life |
| Evolutionary Psychology | Seek to understand the human mind/brain from an evolutionary perspective, the guiding principle is that the design of the mind must have been shaped by natural selection |
| Functionalism (Evolutionary Psychology) | Traits in modern humans must have served as a function in human precursor species, otherwise the trait would have died out |
| Behavioural Genetics | Interested in the behavioural variability amongst individuals that result from genetic influences, they compare adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents, and identical and fraternal twins |
| Reproductive Success (Evolutionary Psychology) | The capacity to survive and raise offspring |
| Classical Fitness (Evolutionary Psychology) | Measure of an individual's direct reproductive success |
| Inclusive Fitness (Evolutionary Psychology) | Measure of an individual's indirect reproductive success, concern for their family is proportional to the degree of relatedness: invest more resources in close relatives |
| Neuroeconomics | The study of the biological microfoundations (brain systems, neurons) of economic cognition, aiming to shed light on how and why people make the decisions they make |
| Process of Deciding to Buy a Product (Neuroeconomics) | a) Consider the characteristics of available products b) Determine the cost of available products c) Decide whether to purchase |
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