Flashcards
Edexcel AS History: Indian Search For Independence - 1914-48
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1India and World War One64,500 Indian soldiers died. Caused fuel shortages, food looting and riots.
Tilak and Gandhi declared loyalty. - 2The Lucknow Pact 1916The Muslim League and Congress signed an agreement guaranteeing Muslim representation in an Indian assembly.
Muslims would have a fixed % seats in parliament and extra seats where Muslims had a minority. - 3Formation of The Home Rule League 1916Set up by Annie Besant (British) and Bal Tilak, they wanted home rule and stimulated the public via newspapers and leaflets. Membership of 60,000 in one year.
- 4The Montagu Declaration 1917Secretary of state Montagu promised the “gradual development of self-governing institutions in India”. No time scale was given.
It hints at the development of a new act after Montagu visits India. - 5The Montagu-Chelmsford // Government of India Act 1919Reforms introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India.
Dyarchy - split responsibilities for Indians and British officials.
Provincial councils were given agriculture, health, education, self government and public works.
Viceroy could enforce laws even if the legislative councils rejected them. - 6Rowlatt Act 1919Implemented in the most revolutionary areas of India; Bengal, Bombay and the Punjab. Wartime control was to continue, including: imprisonment without trail, trial without jury, censorship and house arrest.
- 7Amritsar Massacre 1919Fear from Dyer and O'Dwyer that an uprising was being planned, Dyer took action. His army opened fire on crowd of people at Jallianwala Bagh. They fired 1620 rounds, killing nearly 400 and injuring 1500.
- 8Hunter Committee 1919Montagu, the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab, known as the Hunter Commission. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, about their causes. Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there.
- 9Gandhi's Civil Disobedience Campaign 1920-22Gandhi persuaded Congress to demand Swaraj. public was encouraged to disobey tax payments, boycott British goods and elections. By 1922, 30,000 Congress members were in prison and the campaign had led to violence in Chauri Chaura leading to 22 policemen deaths.
- 10The Simon Commission 1928British officials were sent to India to assess the ruling situation. They were met with crowds of protests, shouting at them and waving banners which read "GO HOME SIMON".
They decided that no changes should be made to British rule. - 11The Nehru Report 1928Congress demanded dominion status. They desired a strong central government and weak provincial councils.
Jinnah for the Muslim League wanted strong provinces for Muslims. - 12Irwin Declaration 1929Irwin suggested that India could work towards dominion status and that round table conferences were to be planned.
- 13Gandhi's Salt Satryagraha/March 1930Gandhi marched for 24 days. He urged Indians not to pay taxes. British alcohol and cloth was boycotted. 60,000 Congress supporters were arrested.
- 14First Round Table Conference 1930Took place in London, in response to the inadequacy of the Simon Report. Neither Congress or the Muslim League attended, some Congress leaders (such as Gandhi) were still imprisoned.
- 15Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1931Political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin. Congress's civil disobedience campaign was suspended. Gandhi agreed to attend the second conference. 19,000 Congress supporters were released. Confiscated property was returned to owners.
- 16Second Round Table Conference 1931Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference. Muslims felt as if he wasn't truly speaking for them - angered them.
- 17Third Round Table Conference 1932No one from Congress attends. No progress. Princely states were discussed but nothing concluded.
- 18The Communal Awards 1932Announced by British prime minister, designating Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Untouchables as separate classes and entitled them to separate electorates. Gandhi was furious as he was worried Hindus would lose seats in Congress.
- 19The Government of India Act 1935Passed to give India some say in their own constitution. Churchill believed India was incapable of running their own country, Attlee felt they weren't giving India enough. Congress rejected the Act because they wanted a strong (Hindu) central government. Muslims objected as it didn't give them enough power or protection.
- 20Outbreak of the Second World WarCongress and Muslim league took the opportunity to use it to benefit themselves. Congress used it as an attempt to gain full independence and refused to work along side the British. Whereas the Muslim League showed support towards the Raj, and offered them all they could give, in order to try and secure some form of protection from Hindus once India became an independent country.
- 21The Lahore Declaration 1940Came from a speech made by Jinnah, 100,000 people attended, to discuss the separation of states that contained a Muslim majority. Jinnah could no longer see a possibility of a Hindu-Muslim rapprochement.
- 22The August Offer 1940An offer between Linlithgow and Jinnah, its aim was for Linlithgow to discuss a range of issues surrounding India to the war. Jinnah came up with a list of proposals and Linlithgow welcomed them, responding with another list of proposals based off of Jinnah's 'August Offer'. After this it became clear to Jinnah that the wishes and needs of the Muslim community would be taken into account in any post-war settlement.
- 23Cripps Mission 1942Roosevelt began to pressure Churchill to accept self-government for India. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to offer dominion status as united government. With the option for provinces/princely states to opt out. Congress rejected the first part of the deal, however accepted the united government part.
- 24Gandhi's Quit India Campaign 1942There was no common interest left between Britain and India. Congress took 3 months deciding whether to let Gandhi's campaign go ahead so the Raj had time to make backup plans. Within one day of the campaign staring, Gandhi, Nehru and most of Congress' party leaders were arrested. Gandhi told his followers to "go out to die, and not to live". The campaign turned violent: over 1000 deaths, over 3000 serious injuries.
- 25Simla Conference 1945Wavell travelled to London for a range of meetings with the British government, they were prepared to make an attempt at a new Indian settlement. There would be a balance of the main representatives, including equal proportions of Muslims and Hindus. Leaders (Gandhi, Nehru, Jinnah, Azad) were released from prison. A deadlock was reached due to Jinnahs insistence over Muslim representatives must be chosen by the Muslim League.
- 26The Cabinet Mission 1946'Three wise men' (Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander) arrived in India to attempt to break the deadlock between Congress and the Muslim League. There were to be three clusters of provincial governments: a Hindu, with the areas of Madras, Bombay, Orissa. A Muslim, Sind, Punjab and the North-West Frontier. Finally Bengal and Assam, with a balance of religions.
- 27Outcome of the Cabinet MissionNehru was appointed president and the three wise men returned back to England to announce that the deadlock had been broken... A few days later Nehru held a conference, stating that once Congress controlled the All-Indian Union, it would do as it pleased - a future Hindu Raj.
- 28Direct Action Day 1946After Nehru's speech, Jinnah called for a Direct Action Day: 20,000 were seriously injured, 100,000 were left homeless and 5,000 dead. Police in Calcutta were ordered by the Muslim League to take a 72 hour holiday, of which Muslims took to the streets fighting. Wavell persuades Jinnah to join the government - he does as he believes he would be able to voice his opinion.
- 29The Boundary CommissionChairman Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a legal expert, was chosen to decide the boundary between India and Pakistan. He was chosen as he had no prior knowledge of India, he had never even been to India, therefore he would not be bias when making his decision. He was given 4 weeks to decide the line and prepare for independence and was only given old and dusty maps to base his decision off of.
- 30Independence for India and Pakistan! 1947On the 15th August 1947, India and Pakistan gained independence.
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- Description
- Key events during the years of 1914-1948 for the Indian search for Independence, based off of the Edexcel AS History course.
- Created by
- Ellie Courtier-Cobley · May 2016
- Updated
- Feb 22, 2017
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