5537219
Description
Flashcards by Alice Nugu, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alice Nugu
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what is sound? | vibrations, pressure waves, auditory perception |
| 4 major features of sound | waveforms, phase, amplitude (loudness) and frequency (pitch, Hz) |
| the outer ear | has the pinna, concha, auditory meatus (ear canal) - boosts pressure 30-100 freq |
| concha and pinna functionings | filter different sound frequencies, cues elevations of sound source |
| what is tonotopy | frequency along the cochlear; sends info of sound to the brain |
| what are the 3 smallest bones in the middle? | malleus, incus and stapes |
| how are the middle and outer ears relative to the cochlea? | outer and mid ear gathers, and transmit sound waves to the cochlear. |
| scala vestibuli | contians liquid |
| basilar membrane | inner hair cells (cochlear) - function; perceiving diff sounds in high/low frequencies |
| what part of the basilar membrane is the frequency tuned for low freq? | the APEX (end of membrane) |
| What is the base of the basilar membrane do? | tuned for higher frequncies ie. bass in music |
| what is the auditory function of the ears? | collect sound energy ( sound waves) and transfer them into electrical signals for the brain to identify what the source of sound is. |
| how are sound waves converted into the brain? (hint: in the cochlear) | sound waves are transmitted along the the stereocilia via electrical signals to the auditory nerve fibres. |
| what are the inner hair cells called? | stereocilia |
| where does the earliest stage of central processing occur? | at the cochlear nucleus ==> goes into auditory processing (ie. basilar membrane frequncy) |
| superior olivary (1st area) | modulates how much the basilar membrane can move (ie. vibration of surrounidng areas) |
| inferior colliculus | in the mdbrain - integrates sound info and motor system. identifies the source of sound.. |
| what does 'tuned' mean | how the neuron respond most intensely at a specific frequency |
| how do stereocilia movei n the basilar membrane? | by a surrounding fluid (perilymph and endolymph) when the inner ear vibrates. |
| what purpose do hair cells serve? | hair cells detect the different frequency of sound in the basilar membrane. they act as sensory receptors. |
| how do hair cells detect frequency? | tactorial membrane vibrates > mech gated K+ channels OPEN > K+ IN hair cells (from K rich endolymph in the stria vascularis) --> CA+ IN > depolarisation => NTs release > sent to brain. |
| there are 2 kinds of hair cells | 1 row of inner HC; sensory receptors to brain 3 rows of outer HC; effect axons from cells in the superior olivary complex. |
| cochlear implants | computed devices that amplify sound for the wearer. |
| what is the pathway of the major auditory system? | A1 cortex (superior olivary compex) => medial geniculate > inferior colliculus > nucleus of lateral lemniscus > superior olive > cochlear nuclei |
| what is the purpose of the A1 cortex? | same as the asbilar membrane but inside the brain. |
| secondary A1 | limited reserach about it as it is difficult to 'see' it due to ear canals and fluid. |
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