5576504
| Question | Answer |
| Psycholology | Is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes |
| Research | Is based on the work of others, can be replicated, generalisable, is doable, is ongoing, is apolitical. It is not done in intellectual isolation |
| Non-experimental Research | Describes the relationship between variables, cannot test cause and effect relationships: Descriptive research, historical research, correlational research, qualitative research |
| Descriptive Research | Describe characteristics of existing phenomena, as they are observed in the world without manipulation: Observation, surveys, case studies |
| Historical Research | Describe past events in the context of other or current events, employ primary and secondary resources of data |
| Correlational Research | Asks what several events have in common, asks whether knowing about one event or variable can allow us to make predictions of another event or variable, does not imply causation |
| Qualitative Research | Examines behaviour in natural social, cultural political contexts, usually results in non-qualitative data, must be careful not to go back to introspection in this context |
| Experimental Research | Tries to discover casual relationships, there are two types: True experimental research and quasi-experimental research |
| Independent Variable | The variable that is varied or manipulated |
| Justification | The problem addressed must be an important problem; research for research sake is a waste of the experimenter's time as well as yours |
| Measure | A concrete means by which to determine the value of a variable, measures must be reliable and valid |
| Test-retest Reliability | Does the test give similar values if the same participant takes it two or more times? |
| Internal Consistancy | Different items that measure the same variable should produce similar answers (be consistent) |
| Inter-rater Reliability | Two testers who rate the same person on the same variable, should give similar ratings to the participant |
| Generalisability | Whether research results can be applied to the entire population of interest, and requires: Internal validity and external validity |
| Confounding Variable | Any variable other than the independent variable that could reasonably have caused changes in the dependent variable |
| Natural Confounding | The typical association of one variable with another e.g. race, gender, ethnicity, and profession |
| Measurement Confounding | The measure assesses more than one construct e.g. Depression is usually associated with anxiety |
| Confounding Associate with Subject Selection | Hence random sampling and random assignment |
| Demand Characterisitcs | Cues in the research that allow the participant to form their own opinions about the hypotheses |
| Bias | Variation associated with subject expectancies, experimenter expectancies |
| Nuremberg Code of Ethics | Participants should: - Consent to participate in research - Be fully informed about the nature of the research - Have the right to discontinue participation at any time - Risks should be avoided - Research should be conducted by scientifically qualified personal |
| Cost/Benefit Ratio | Cost to human dignity to participants : Benefits to the participant and to society/science |
| Deception is Permissible When? | - The research is important - There are no alternatives - There is no foreseeable harm to participants |
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