Flashcards
D3 CF03 CRITICAL THINKING
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- 1Critical thinkingThe intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action.
- 2Characteristics That Embody A Proficient Critical Thinker-open-mindedness
-healthy skepticism
-intellectual humility
-free thinking
-high motivation. - 3What does it mean to be both open-minded and skepticalseeking out the facts, information sources, and reasoning to support issues we intend to judge; examining issues from as many sides as possible; rationally looking for the good and bad points of the various sides examined; accepting the fact that we may be in error ourselves; and maintaining the goal of getting at the truth (or as close to the truth as possible), rather than trying to please others or find fault with their views
- 4intellectual humility meansadhering tentatively to recently acquired opinions; being prepared to examine new evidence and arguments even if such examination leads one to discover flaws in one's own cherished beliefs
- 5What does it take to be a free thinkermust have an independent mind and must restrain one's desire to believe because of social pressures to conform.
- 6three effective approaches for evaluating informationcredible,
unbiased,
and accurate - 7Credible InformationInformation that is believable, from a trustworthy source
- 8what is Unbiased InformationInformation that is fair, impartial rather than prejudiced.
- 9Accurate InformationInformation that is free from errors, a correct or truthful representation of something.
- 10describe the Systems Thinking Approaches to Decision Makingtwo systems Reactive thinking system one - automatic or reactive as long as things are done the same way every time, decisions will come easy,
Reflective Thinking System-two When we move to something new or different we have to think about new ways of doing things. - 11four categories of Hindarnces to critical thinkingBasic Human Limitations
Use Of Language
Faulty Logic Or Perception
Psychological Or Sociological Pitfalls - 12what are some Basic Human Limitations?Confirmation Bias and Selective Thinking
False Memories and Confabulation
personal biases and prejudices,
Physical and Emotional Hindrances
Testimonial evidence - 13what is Confirmation Bias and Selective Thinking?the process whereby one tends to notice and look for what confirms one's beliefs, and to ignore, not look for, or undervalue what contradicts one's beliefs.
- 14what is False Memories and Confabulation?is being unaware that our memories are often
―manufactured‖ to fill in the gaps in our recollection, or that some memories of facts, over time, can be unconsciously replaced with fantasy. - 15explain personal biases and prejudices?difficulty to remaining objective due to your own unique life experiences and worldview
- 16explain Physical and Emotional Hindrances?they affect our ability to think clearly and critically. These include stress, fatigue, drugs, and related hindrances.
- 17why is Testimonial evidence a human limitation?testimonies are inherently subjective, inaccurate, unreliable, biased, and occasionally fraudulent.
- 18Use of Language includes what six elementsAmbiguity,
Assuring expressions,
Meaningless comparisons,
Doublespeak jargon,
Emotive content,
False implications - 19Ambiguitya word or expression that can be understood in more than one way.
- 20Assuring expressionsdisarm you from questioning the validity of an argument. Ignore assuring expressions and focus on facts & reasoning that support arguments.
- 21explain the use of Meaningless comparisonsinclude language that implies something is superior but retreats from that view. Avoid making judgments if it is not exactly clear what is being compared.
- 22what is Doublespeak jargonthe use of technical language to make the simple seem complex, the trivial seem profound, or the insignificant seem important, all done intentionally to impress others.
- 23explain Emotive contentthe intentional use of words to arouse feelings about a subject to bias others positively or negatively, in order to gain influence or power.
- 24what is False implicationsthe use of language that is clear and accurate but misleading because it suggests something false.
- 25what elements make up Faulty Logic or PerceptionApophenia and superstition,
Argument from ignorance,
False analogies,
irrelevant comparison,
pragmatic fallacy,
slippery slope fallacy, - 26Apophenia and superstitionthe erroneous perception of the connections between unrelated events.
- 27Argument from ignorancea logical fallacy claiming something is true because it has not been proven false
- 28False analogiesmaking illogical analogies to support the validity of a particular claim
- 29irrelevant comparisona comparison that is irrelevant or inappropriate
- 30pragmatic fallacyarguing something is true because it works, even though the cause of this something and the outcome are not demonstrated.
- 31slippery slope fallacyan argument that assumes an adverse chain of events will occur, but offers no proof
- 32Psychological and Sociological PitfallsAd hominem fallacy,
Ad populum,
emotional appeal,
Evading the Issue, Red Herring,
Fallacy of False Dilemma,
Poisoning the well - 33Ad hominem fallacycriticizing the person making an argument, not the argument itself.
- 34Ad populum, (bandwagon fallacy)is an appeal to the popularity of the claim as a reason for accepting the claim.
- 35emotional appealmaking irrelevant emotional appeals to accept a claim.
- 36Evading the Issue, Red Herringcould happen when one has been accused of wrongdoing by diverting attention to an issue irrelevant to the one hand.
- 37Fallacy of False Dilemmaintentionally restricting the number of alternatives, thereby omitting relevant alternatives from consideration.
- 38describe Poisoning the wellcreating a prejudicial atmosphere against the opposition, making it difficult for the opponent to be received fairly.
- 39what are the eight elements of thought that critical thinkers must use.Purpose,
Questions,
Information,
Inferences/Conclusions,
Concepts,
Assumptions,
Implications/Consequences,
Points of View - 40what are the intellectual standards?what are the intellectual standards?
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- 1 ALS Flashcards on D3 CF03 CRITICAL THINKING, created by Karigan McAdams on 14/07/2016.
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