6006360
Description
Flashcards by Cartiah McGrath, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Cartiah McGrath
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Sound travels faster on _____ days | muggy |
| Amplitude or intensity | The difference between the highest pressure area and the lowest pressure area . Perceived as 'loudness' |
| Frequency | How quickly the pressure fluctuates. The number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats. Perceived as 'pitch' |
| Hertz (Hz) | A unit of measure for frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second |
| Low frequency sounds correspond to ___ pitch | low |
| Decibel (dB) | Unit of measurement for physical intensity of sound. The difference between two sounds as the ratio between two sound pressures. Each 10:1 sound pressure ration equals 20 dB d B = 20 log(p / p0 ) |
| Range of human hearing in decibels | 0 to over 120 |
| Sine wave or pure tone | The waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function. All sounds are a combination of sine waves |
| Spectrum | A representation of the relative energy (intensity) present at each frequency |
| Fundamental Frequency | The lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound |
| Timbre | The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sound with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. Timbre quality is converted by harmonics and other high frequencies |
| Pinna | The outer, funnel-like part of the ear |
| Ear canal | The canal that conducts sound vibrations from the pinna to the tympanic membrane and prevents damage to the tympanic membrane |
| Outer ear | The external sound gathering portion of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the ear canal |
| Middle Ear | An air-filled chamber containing the middle bones, or ossicles. The middle ear conveys and amplifies vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| Ossicle | Any of three tiny bones of the middle ear: malleus, incus and stapes |
| Malleus | One of the three ossicles. The malleus receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus |
| Incus | The middle of the three ossicles, connected the malleus and the stapes |
| Stapes | One of the three ossicles. Connected to the incus on one end, the stapes presses against the oval window of the cochlea on the other end |
| Oval Window | The flexible opening to the cochlea through which the stapes transmits vibration to the fluid inside |
| Inner ear | A hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull and the structures within this cavity: the cochlea and the semicircular canals of the vestibular system canals |
| Tensor Tympani | The muscle attached to the malleus; tensing the tensor tympani decreases vibration. The main purpose of this and the stapedius is to tense when sounds are very loud. They cannot protect against sudden loud sounds. |
| Stapedius | The muscle attached to the stapes; tensing the stapedius decreases vibration. The main purpose of this and the tensor tympani is to tense when sounds are very loud. They cannot protect against sudden loud sounds. |
| Acoustic reflex | A reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds, via contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles |
| Cochlea | A spiral structure of the inner ear containing he organ of Corti |
| Tympanic Canal | One of three fluid-filled passages in the cochlea. The tympanic canal extends from the round window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called the scala tympani |
| Vestibular Canal | One of three fluid filled passages in the cochlea. The vestibular canal extends from the oval window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called scala vestibuli |
| Middle canal | One of three fluid filled passages in the cochlea. The middle canal is sandwiched between the tympanic an vestibular cancels and contains the cochlear partition. Also called scaia media |
| Helicotrema | The opening that connects the tympanic and vestibular canals at the apex of the cochlea |
| Reissner's membrane | A thin sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea |
| Basilar membrane | A plate of fibres that forms the base of the cochlea partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea |
| Cochlear Partition | The combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and organ of Corti which are together responsible for the transduction of sound waves into neural signals |
| Round Window | A soft area of tissue at the base of the tympanic canal that releases excess pressure remaining from extremely intense sounds |
| Organ of Corti | A structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibres |
| Hair Cell | Any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain; some hair cells also receive inputs from the brain |
| Auditory Nerve | A collection of neutrons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to (afferent) and from (efferent) the brain stem |
| Inner and outer hair cells | Transduce one kind of energy (in this case, sound pressure) into another form of energy (neural firing) |
| Stereocilium | Any of the hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that, when flexed, initiate the release of neurotransmitters |
| Tectorial Membrane | A gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells |
| Tip link | A tiny filament that stretches from the tip of a stereo cilium to the side of its neighbour |
| Place code | Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies in which information about the particular frequency in an incoming sound wave is coded by the place alone the cochlear partition that has the greatest mechanical displacement |
| Afferent fibre | A neutron that carries sensory information to the central nervous system |
| Efferent fibre | A neutron that carries information from the central nervous system to the periphery |
| Threshold tuning curve | A graph plotting the thresholds of a neurone or fibre in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response |
| Characteristic Frequency (CF) | The frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fibre is most sensitive |
| Two-tone suppression | A decrease in the firing rate of one auditory nerve fibre due to one tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time |
| Isointensity curve | A map plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fibre against varying frequencies at varying intensities |
| Rate saturation | The point at which a nerve fibre is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate |
| Rate-intensity function | A graph plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fibre in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities |
| Low-spontaneous Fibre | An auditory nerve fibre that has a low rate (less than 10 spikes per second) of spontaneous firing; low spontaneous fibres require relatively intense sound before they will fire at higher rates |
| High-spontaneous Fibre | An auditory nerve fibre that has a high rate (more than 30 spikes per second) of spontaneous firing; high spontaneous fibres increase their firing rate in response to relatively low levels of sound |
| Mid-spontaneous fibre | An auditory nerve fibre than has a medium rate (10-30 spikes/second) of spontenous firing. The characteristics of mid-spontaneous fibres are intermediate between low and high spontaneous fibres |
| Phase locking | Firing of a single neutron at one distinct point in the period (cycle) of a sound wave at a given frequency. (The neuron need not fire on every cycle, but each firing will occur at the same point in the cycle). |
| Temporal Code | Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound |
| Volley Principle | The idea that multiple neutrons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period |
| Cochlear Nucleus | The first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibres synapse |
| Superior Olive | An early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge |
| Inferior colliculus | A midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway |
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus | The part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal context and receives input from the auditory cortex |
| Tonotopic Organisation | An arrangement in which neutrons that respond to different frequencies are organised anatomically in order of frequency |
| Just about any sounds will cause an activation in some part of the ___. _______ sounds such as sine waves elicit less activity, particular if the stimuli.... | A1. Doesn't change much over time |
| Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) | The first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic information |
| Belt Area | A region of cortex, directly adjacent to the primary auditory cortex, with inputs from A1, where neutrons respond to more complex characteristics of sound |
| Parabelt Area | A region of cortex lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neutrons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds as well as to input from other senses |
| Psychoacoustics | The study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics; a branch of psychophysics |
| Audibility Threshold | The lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a given frequency |
| Equal loudness curve | A graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness |
| Temporal Integration | The process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration. |
| Masking | Using a second sound, frequency noise, to make a detection of another sound more difficult |
| White noise | Noise consisting of all audible frequencies in equal amounts. White noise in hearing is analogous to white light in vision, for which all wave lengths are present |
| Critical Bandwidth | The range of frequencies conveyed within a channel in the auditory system. For low frequencies, critical bandwidths are smaller because the spacing between low frequencies is larger on the basilar membrane |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear. |
| Otitis Media | Inflammation of the middle ear. Common in children as a result of infection |
| Otosclerosis | Abnormal growth of the middle-ear bones that causes hearing loss |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve |
| Ototoxic | Producing adverse effects on cochlear or vestubular organs or nerves |
| Having Two ears is crucial to determining ______ ________ | auditory locations |
| Two potential types of information for determining the source of a sound | 1. Pressure waves arriving at each ear at different times 2. Intensity of sound is greater at the ear closer two the sauce |
| Interaural Time Difference (ITD) | The difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other |
| Azimuth | The angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to a point in the centre of the head between the ears. Azimuth is measured in degrees, with 0 degrees being straight ahead. The angle increases clockwise to the right, with 180 degrees being directly behind. |
| uS | Millionths of a second. Measurement for ITDs |
| Listeners can detect interaural delays as little as __ uS | 10 |
| ILD is largest at __ and -__ and nonexistent at __ and ___ | 90, 90, 0, 180 |
| ILDs are greatly reduced for _____ frequencies, becoming almost nonexistent below ____ hertz (Hz) | low. 1000. |
| Intramural Level Difference (ILD) | The difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other |
| Lateral superior olive (LSO) | A relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of the intramural level of difference |
| Cone of Confusion | A region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) difference (ITDs and ILDs) |
| Directional Transfer Function (DTF) | A measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sounds with difference frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space (azimuth and elevation). *Children may update the way they use DTF information during development and it appears that such learning can continue into adulthood |
| Listeners are good at using intensity difference to determine distance when sounds are within _______ of the head. But tend to underestimate the distance when sounds are farther away. | 1 metre |
| High frequencies decrease in ____ more than lower frequencies as the sound waves travel from the source to the ear | energy |
| Inverse-square law | A principle stating that as distance from a source increases, intensity decreases faster such that decrease in intensity is equal to the distance squared. This general law also applies to optics and other forms of energy |
| Source segregation or auditory scene analysis | Processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sound sources into separate sound images |
| Auditory Stream Segregation | The perceptual organisation of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event |
| Continuous auditory stream is heard to continue behind the masking sound. Auditory researchers have labeled these phenomena as ______ or _________ ____ ____ | Continuity effects. Perceptual restoration effects. |
| More likely to restore missing bits if the source is _____ | familiar |
| Acoustic startle reflex | The very rapid motor response to a sudden sound. Very few neurons are involved in the basic startle reflect, which can also be affected by emotional state |
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