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Flashcards

Spoken Language

abigailslade6088 English 35 cards

Cards in this deck (35)

  1. 1AccentThe ways in which words are pronounced depending on the region or social class of a speaker.
  2. 2Adjacency pairsThis is composed of two utterances by two speakers, one after the other. The speaking of the first utterance (the first-pair part, or the first turn) provokes a responding utterance.
  3. 3Back-channel featuresWords, phrases and non-verbal utterances used by a listener to give feedback to a speaker that the message is being followed and understood- e.g. ‘I see’, ‘oh’, ‘uh huh’
  4. 4Closed questionA question which needs only either a yes or no answer
  5. 5Colloquial idiomPhrases which don’t seem to serve any particular communicative function in and of themselves –e.g. 'in a minute' 'the thing is' 'as far as I can see'
  6. 6Colloquialismse.g. 'hiya' 'yeah' 'won't'
  7. 7ContractionA reduced form often marked by an apostrophe in writing e.g. didn't, can't
  8. 8DialectThe distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of a language.
  9. 9Discourse markersA word or phrase whose function is to organize discourse into segments - e.g 'first', 'so anyway'.
  10. 10ElisionThe slurring (or eliding) of one or more sounds or syllables – e.g. 'gonna'
  11. 11EllipsisLeaving out of part of the sentence construction - e.g.e.g. 'I’m trying to say I think it’s wrong' instead of 'I’m trying to say that I think it’s wrong'
  12. 12Emphatic stressUsed to highlight key lexical items which aids meaning in a situation where the speakers have no visual means of emphasis - e.g. During a phone conversation
  13. 13False startWhen the speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it.
  14. 14FillerWords used to create a pause or to hold a turn in conversation - e.g. 'um' 'you know'
  15. 15ForegroundingThe use of grammar / the ordering of words used in any utterance to give precedence to one particular word or phrase
  16. 16Formulaic PhraseAre used to establish a new topic - e.g. 'by the way' 'that reminds me...' 'to change the subject'
  17. 17Given informationThat which is understood between the participants before the exchange is begun, but which might not be known to a third party
  18. 18HedgeWords and phrases which soften or weaken the force with which something is said – e.g. ‘perhaps’, ‘sort of’, ‘I think’.
  19. 19HyperboleExaggeration for effect – e.g. 'on and on and on' 'thousands'
  20. 20IdiolectThe language characteristic of any particular individual.
  21. 21ImplicatureWhat is suggested in an utterance, even though not expressed nor strictly implied by the utterance - e.g. 'Mary had a baby and got married' strongly suggests that Mary had the baby before the wedding, but the sentence would still be strictly true if Mary had her baby after she got married.
  22. 22Interrupted constructionsSentences that are dropped half-way through in favour of another - e,g, 'So I think that perhaps it's... what I'm trying to say is that I think it's wrong.'
  23. 23Minor sentenceA Minor Sentence is said to be one that does not necessarily have a verb in it, but which can be understood as a complete unit of meaning - e.g. 'What time are we meeting?' 'Three.'
  24. 24New informationThat which is exchanged during the conversation in question
  25. 25Non-fluency featuresCharacteristics of spoken language that interrupt the ‘flow’ of talk. Examples include: hesitations, false starts, fillers, repetitions, overlaps and interruptions.
  26. 26Non-sequiturIs a comment which, due to it's lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing
  27. 27Non-standard use of grammarLess care is given to ensuring that the formal rules of grammar are followed - e.g. 'We was playing records (.) he done that riff I showed you'
  28. 28Open questionA question which demands more information than a simple yes or no, one which passes the turn over to the other person fully and expects the listener to contribute fully to the exchange
  29. 29Paralinguistic featuresThe use of gestures, facial expressions and other non-verbal elements to add meaning to the speakers message.
  30. 30Prosodic featuresFeatures which are used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message - e.g. stress, intonation, pitch
  31. 31SociolectA social dialect or variety of speech used by a particular group, such as working-class or upper-class speech.
  32. 32Supportive minimal vocalisationswhere a second speaker utters minimal responses, often the function of the utterances is to support rather than challenge - e.g. 'mmm' 'yeah'
  33. 33Tag questionWords added to a declarative sentence to turn the statement into a question. E.g. 'It’s a bit expensive round here, isn’t it?'
  34. 34Vocativenames, titles, terms of address – used in the initial position help to create a personal relationship between speakers and encourage interaction
  35. 35Voiced hesitations / hesitation indicatorsAllow speakers to pause without communication breaking down to indicated to the other person that the speaker hasn't finished their turn - e.g. 'mmm' 'er' 'the-the-the'

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Flashcards on Spoken Language, created by abigailslade6088 on 21/03/2014.
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