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Flashcards for LEC 141

Anna Hollywood BIOLOGY DEGREE LEVEL English 200 cards

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  1. 1What's an example of direct evidence of evolution? What experiment tested this?Colours of guppy fish; intense male competition for females; females prefer to mate with males with more spots - John Endler experiment
  2. 2What species eats adult guppies?Crenicichila alta
  3. 3What species eats baby guppies?Rivulus
  4. 4Why do pools with Crenicichila have less guppies with orange spots?More vulnerable to predation as more visible
  5. 5Why do pools with Rivulus have the same amount of guppies with orange spots as the control group?Rivulus eats baby guppies before they have developed orange spots
  6. 6What is biogeography? Give an example of thisLiving organisms are not distributed as widely as their potential habitats - polar bears only found in North Pole and not South Pole
  7. 7Why are similar organisms found on different continents? Give an example of thisContinental drift from Pangea - The Ratites show a 3 way continental split
  8. 8Give an example of an oceanic island endemic species?Marine iguana; flightless cormorant; giant tortoise
  9. 9Why do endemic species exist on oceanic islands?Land masses joined by bridges and then sea levels rise and cut the organisms off from the mainland. New Zealand split from Gondwana before mammals evolved - only native animals are bats, dolphins, whales and seals
  10. 10Give an example of an endemic species in MadagascarLemur
  11. 11What may isolated species show and give an example of thisConvergent evolution due to anology - Australian marsupials
  12. 12What does the fossil record give us?A direct but fragmentary record of evolution
  13. 13Which environment are fossils most common in?Aquatic
  14. 14How do fossils form?Death; soft bits rot; sediment settles & covers bones; solidifies over time; groundwater dissolves bones; leaves a cavity; mineral deposited in mould to form a cast; erosion/land movement reveals fossil millions of years later
  15. 15What is it called when we can date fossils due to layers of rocks with known ages like in the Grand Canyon?Statigraphy
  16. 16What's an example of a species found to have features of two types of animal?Archaeopteryx - feathers like a bird but teeth like a reptile
  17. 17What are the Burgess Shale Faunas?Reveals (highly preserved) ocean life 525-515 MYA in Yoho national park in Canada; finds increase in size, morphological complexity and diversity of animals
  18. 18What is structural homology?Where two species have a common ancestor - all vertebrates have the same arm bone layout
  19. 19What are vestigeal structures?Features of common ancestor that are lost in some species but present in others such as the tail and hair
  20. 20What are homoplastic characters?These are analogous meaning they're similar in appearance and finction but are fundamentally different with separate evolutionary origins
  21. 21Give an example of a homoplastic characterWings found in birds, bats and insects
  22. 22What can we use embryology for?Comparison of vertebrate embryos to see that fish, reptiles, birds and humans all have gill slits and tails
  23. 23How can we use social behaviour to look at comparisons between species?Greater the similarity between social behaviours, the more likely the organisms are to be closely related e.g. chimps and humans
  24. 24Closely related organisms will have greater/fewer genetic differencesFewer
  25. 25What is an example of this?Less AA differences in closely related species when looking at haemoglobin polypeptides
  26. 26What can we use to represent evolutionary history?A phylogenetic tree
  27. 27What are the 6 kingdoms of life?Archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plantae, animalia
  28. 28What do archaebacteria lack and what is an example of an archaebacteria?A peptido-glycan cell wall; extreme halophiles
  29. 29What do eubacteria have that archaebacteria don't have and give an example of this type of bacteriaPeptido-glycan cell wall; nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  30. 30What are 3 features of protists?Eukaryotic; primary unicellular (mostly); heterotrophic (gain nutrition by digesting organic matter); can be photosynthetic
  31. 31What are 3 features of fungi?Eukaryotic; mostly multicellular; heterotrophic; non-motile mostly; chitin cell wall
  32. 32Give 3 features of plantaeEukaryotic; multicellular; non-motile; usually terrestrial; photosynthetic
  33. 33Give 3 features of animaliaEukaryotic; multicellular; motile; heterotrophic
  34. 34How old is the Earth? How old is the oldest fossil found? How long ago was there a rise in atmospheric oxygen? How long ago was first cell with nucleus found?4.5 BYA; 3.5 BYA; 2 BYA; 1.7 BYA
  35. 35What where the conditions like on early Earth? What did this allow the formation of?Very hostile and hot; reducing atmosphere allowed formation of carbon-rich compounds
  36. 36What evolved 3.5 BYA and what did it allow to form?Cyanobacteria; was photosynthetic and allowed ozone layer to form
  37. 37What are the 5 features that lead to the evolution of eukaryotes?Ancestral prokaryote; infoldings of plasma membrane; engulfing of aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote; engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote; endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria
  38. 38How did multicellular eukaryotes evolve?From single-celled eukaryotes living in association with one another; development of specialised cells; sexual reproduction (fusion of gametes)
  39. 39What generates variation and so leads to the faster evolution of organisms?Sex
  40. 40What 2 species evolved 600 MYA?Jellyfish and worms
  41. 41What was there an explosion of at the end of the Ice Age? How long ago was this and in what period of time?Eukaryotic diversity; 570 MYA and in Early Cambrian period
  42. 42How long ago was land colonised by plants, fungi and animals?500 MYA
  43. 43When did the orders of modern mammals start to evolve?50-60 MYA
  44. 44How long ago did the human lineage diverge from primates?5-6.5 MYA
  45. 45What comes after a mass extinction?An adaptive radiation of survivors
  46. 46What do mass extinctions create and what does this do?Creates 'ecological space' and removes organisms occupying the same niches allowing reduced competition and evolution of survivors descendants with fewer constraints
  47. 47What study by Charles Darwin shows adaptive radiation?'Darwin's Finches' - rapid form of divergent evolution on Galapagos Islands
  48. 48When did the superorder of Euarchonta establish and what was this in terms of ancestry?80 MYA; primate ancestors
  49. 49How long ago did Euarchonta split into prosimians and simians?50 MYA
  50. 50What did prosimians evolve into?Species like lemurs - adapted to living in trees
  51. 51What can the first simians be split up into?'New World' monkeys and 'Old World' monkeys
  52. 52What are the 4 biggest developments from prosimians to simians?Overlapping fields of vision; opposable thumb (not all genera); lived in groups; mostly diurnal
  53. 53What superfamily are all these organisms members of and when did this superfamily lineage begin?Hominoidea; 18 MYA
  54. 54What did Hominoidea split into?Hominidae and hylobatidae
  55. 55What did hominidae split into? How long ago was this?Hominiae and ponginae - 14 MYA
  56. 56What did hominiae split into? How long ago was this?Humans (homo); gorillas (gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan) - 7 MYA
  57. 57What did the 2005 study on chimps and humans reveal about their genomes?96% similarity overall; 99% similarity in coding DNA; 10x greater difference between human and chimps than between 2 humans; 19 gene difference
  58. 58Give 3 key characteristics of apesLarger brain compared to body size compared to other primates; tail-less; shorter jaw; forward looking eyes
  59. 59Give 3 differences between chimps and humansChimp spine curved, human s-shaped; chimp arms longer than legs, human arms shorter; skull attached posteriorly in chimps and inferiorly in humans
  60. 60What species had a chimp sized brains and was a key step towards human evolution? How long ago did it evolve?Ardipithecus ramidus; 4.4 MYA
  61. 61What genus is closely related to Homo? What are some key features of this genus?Australopithecus; rounded jaw, brain size 35% of humans, stocky build, can walk upright
  62. 62What species was 'Lucy'? How old was 'Lucy'?Australopithecus afarensis; 3.2 MYA
  63. 63How long ago did the Homo genus appear?2.5 MYA
  64. 64What was the first Homo species and give some features of this speciesH. habilis; short structure, disproportionately long arms, 50% brain size of MDHs
  65. 65What was H.habilis replaced by and give some features of this speciesH.erectus; long straight legs, larger brain, social groups, prominent brow ridge
  66. 66What was the next species of Homo? Give some key features of this speciesH.neanderthalensis; bigger brains than MDHs, buried dead, cared for sick, large skull
  67. 67When did the 'Neanderthal man' first appear and in which countries?600,000 YA; Europe and w/c Asia
  68. 68When was the Cro-magnon man found to have evolved? Give some key features of this200,000 YA; looked like us but lacked full suite of MDH behaviours, sophisticated tools, facial expressions, cave paintings, pigmentation loss, successful hunters, colonized plains
  69. 69What are the 2 other recently discovered Homo species?H.floresiensis (hobbits on Indonesian island, Flores) and H.denisovans (little pinky finger)
  70. 70What are the 2 models for the origin of MDHs?The multiregional model and the out-of-Africa model
  71. 71What is the multiregional hypothesis?Debate focused on age of most recent hominid ancestor from fossil record; last common ancestor Africa 1.5 MYA; similarities of MDHs product of occasional interbreeding in ancestral neighboring pops.
  72. 72What does O.O.A model suggest?They 'replaced' H.erectus in Africa and then colonized rest of world
  73. 73What evidence supports earlier migration out of Africa than first thought?Hominina fossils dated at 1.2-1.1 MYA found in Spain
  74. 74What evidence do we have from molecular genetics to make a 'tree' with its origins in Africa?Mitochondrial DNA dated time of genetic divergence at 200,000 YA
  75. 75Comparison of what chromosome is used to look at ancestry? Why is this used?Y chromosome; has little crossing over during meiosis and so any changes are due to mutations
  76. 76When did H.neanderthalensis become extinct?30,000 YA
  77. 77How long did Neanderthals coexist with MDHs for?At least 1000 Y
  78. 78What evidence favours O.O.A model showing MDHs 'replaced' neanderthals?mtDNA shows sharp differences between MDHs and Neanderthal sequences
  79. 79What's the 3rd model?Assimilation model; emphasises assimilation rather than replacement
  80. 80What sequencing of complete Neanderthal genome show?1-4% similarity with DNA of Europeans and Asians but NOT Africans
  81. 81What sequencing of complete Denisovan genome show? (in girl's little finger from Siberia)New species; dated to about 30-50,000 YA; 4-6% DNA similarity to Melanesian DNA
  82. 82What is the leaky replacement model?Neanderthals and Densiovans split about 200,000YA and share DNA; MDHs left Africa and interbred with Neanderthals 100,000YA-evolved into MDHs
  83. 83Give 5 MDH featuresBipedalism; large brain (1400c.c.); complex learning; cultural development; advanced language
  84. 84What are some similarities of MDHs with other primates?Reproductive strategies; tool use; enhanced communication/social groups
  85. 85What's the difference between K-selection and r-selection?K = few young and lots parental care
    r = many young and less/no parental care
  86. 86What's an example of tool use in primates?Orangutans use sticks to get insects out nests; chimps put leaves on feet to walk over thorns and use rocks to open nuts
  87. 87Example of complex social structure in primatesMaking and breaking alliances
  88. 88What are some ideas as to why human language developed?Substitute for grooming; hunting theories; language as a way of thinking; motherese; tool making
  89. 89What are the 2 theories for human language development?1=started manual gestures; conflict with tool use and gesturing
    2=gestures problem at night; basic speech derived from eating style; brain development from walking allowed speech
  90. 90What's evidence of Neanderthal speech?Hyoid bone found in MDHs allows speech and found in Neanderthal male fossils
  91. 91When did agriculture start?Start of Holocene; cultivation of cereal grains; domestication of livestock for food 9000 YA;start of global anthropological impacts
  92. 92What lead to changing food sources and environmental conditions?A fluctuating environment e.g. savannah expansion
  93. 93What did early hominins use to make them less vulnerable from predation?Fire; stone tools; shelters; communication
  94. 94What was found in Kenya which dated MDHs to 600,000 Y earlier than we thought?Ancient metacarpal
  95. 95What does sociobiology claim?That behaviours are inherited
  96. 96What evidence is there to suggest that some abilities are inherited?Language and written disorders more highly correlated in monozygotic twins that dizygotic twins; also FoxP2 gene removal associated with impaired communication
  97. 97What is Lamarckism?'Heritability of acquired characteristics' - e.g. giraffes stretching necks
  98. 98What have Neanderthal alleles been linked to in MDHs?Some diseases like lupus; enriched for genes affecting skin and hair structure (keratin) - adaptation due to moving O.O.A
  99. 99What's the difference between macro and micro evolution?Macro=large scale, long periods of time
    Micro=species level, natural selection
  100. 100Whats the difference between homologous, homozygous and heterozygous chromosomes?Homologous=chromosomes carrying genes controlling same characteristic
    Homozygous=homologous chromosomes containing same allele
    Heterozygous=homologous chromosomes containing different alleles
  101. 101What residue attachment to histone proteins or DNA affects binding/winding of supercoiling in chromosomes?Acetyl/methyl residues
  102. 102How does this influence whether or not a gene is expressed?Allows/disallows RNA to form depending on the tightness of the coil - epigenetic change
  103. 103What are the 5 ways that asexual reproduction can occur and what does this result in?Fission, budding, parthenogenesis, vegetative reproduction and fragmentation; little genetic variation
  104. 104What is budding?Where new individuals 'split' from one another
  105. 105What is parthenogenesis?Development of an unfertilised egg
  106. 106What is fragmentation?Part of the organism breaks off and forms a new individual
  107. 107What are the 3 causes of genetic variation in sexual reproduction?Independent assortment (8 million combinations); crossing over (1-3 events per pair in humans) and random fertilisation (different alleles from each parent)
  108. 108Give 2 advantages of asexual reproductionIn a stable environment the best genotype is perpetuated and it uses less energy
  109. 109Give 2 advantages of sexual reproductionLots of variation (new combinations may work better) and works better in a changing environment
  110. 110What are the 5 types of genetic mutations that causes formation of different alleles?Deletion, duplication, inversion, reciprocal translocation (chinks of DNA swapped between heterologous chromosomes) and spontaneous
  111. 111What is autopolyploidy?Chromosomes divide but the nucleus does not so chromosome number increases from diploid to tetraploid
  112. 112What is allopolyploidy?Related species interbreed, hybridise and offspring has double the number of chromosomes
  113. 113What percentage of all flowering plants and some agricultural crops like wheat and oats were thought to have originated as a result of polyploidy?70%
  114. 114By how much do homologous chromosomes differ in bases between humans?0.5%
  115. 115Which genotype of people linked to sickle-cell anaemia are found most in areas where malaria is present?Heterozygous - less susceptible to malaria
  116. 116Are mutations more likely to be detrimental to survival or beneficial and what are the rates of mutations per generation?Detrimental and 1/100,000 genes per gen.
  117. 117What is gene flow?The movement of genes between populations
  118. 118What is genetic drift?Chance alterations in a populations allele frequency
  119. 119What 2 things can genetic drift be due to and give examplesBottlenecks (Northern Elephant Seals due to hunting) and the Founders effect (colonisation of a new area - Galapagos Islands)
  120. 120What are the 3 modes of natural selection? What does this lead to?Stabilizing (mean is selected for), directional (one extreme selected for) and diversifying (both extremes selected for); leads to non-random changes in allele frequency
  121. 121Is initial pop. growth rapid or slow?Rapid
  122. 122What happens as maximum pop. size starts to be reached?Growth rate slows down as the carrying capacity is reached
  123. 123What sort of selection is favoured in high density pops. and what selection is favoured at low density pops.?High density = k-selection (enables reproduction with fewer resources so is density dependent)
    Low = r-selection (enables rapid reproduction so is density INdependent)
  124. 124What is speciation driven by? What are the 2 types of speciation?Population divergence; allopatric (geographical isolation) and sympatric (new species production within an original species)
  125. 125What is a ring species, what is it an example of and give an example of itWhere species adapt slowly to become very different; example of allopatric speciation; North American Salamander
  126. 126What is an example of sympatric speciation? What is an example of a species created by sympatric speciation?Polyploidy; hummingbirds
  127. 127What are the 2 types of reproductive barriers?Prezygotic (prevents mating) and postzygotic (prevents fertilized ovum from developing into a viable fertile adult)
  128. 128What are the 4 types of prezygotic barriers?Behavioural isolation (different mating calls); temporal isolation (epiphytic orchid species flower on different days); mechanical isolation; gamete isolation (sea urchin sperm only fertilises same species eggs due to surface molecules detected)
  129. 129What are the 3 postzygotic barriers?Reduced hybrid viability; reduced hybrid fertility; hybrid breakdown
  130. 130What are the 2 types of rates of evolution and an example of each one- Gradualism (some beetles take 4 million years to evolve) and punctuated equilibrium (some fish take 4000 years to evolve)
  131. 131When does co-evolution occur? What are the 3 different types of co-evolution?When selection pressures on one species are influenced by the evolution of another; inter-specific competition, predation/parasitism (exploitation) and mutualism
  132. 132What do we expect to see during competition?Character displacement (individual extremities survive as not main competitors)
  133. 133Give an example of character displacement within a speciesH.ventrosa and H.ulvae are marine mud snails; when in allopatry varied sizes with size overlap between species; when in sympatry bigger H.ulvae survive and smaller H.ventrosa survive (no size overlap)
  134. 134What is this size difference due to?When in sympatry H.ulvae eat bigger sand particles and H.ventrosa eat smaller sand particles
  135. 135In what species does exploitation occur?Cuckoos act as brood parasites by laying their eggs in the nests of other species like Reed Warblers, Dunnocks and Meadow Pipits
  136. 136How many eggs does a cuckoo lay per season in other birds nests?15
  137. 137What is the strong selection within cuckoos and what is the strong selection within hosts?Cuckoos - ability to 'fool' host
    Host - ability to reject cuckoo
    (arms race)
  138. 138What did the model egg experiments by Davies and Brooke show a correlation between?Host discrimination and egg mimicry
  139. 139What is other evidence to support this correlation?Unsuitable hosts don't discriminate and Icelandic Meadow Pipits (where there are no cuckoos) don't discriminate
  140. 140Why do Dunnocks accept other eggs/have low rejection rates?Evolutionary time lag (may be relatively new hosts) as Dunnock relatives live in mountains where there are no cuckoos
  141. 141What are 5 other adaptations of cuckoos parasitic breeding techniques?Thick egg shells to prevent piercing; small egg for body size; very fast laying; egg hatches quicker than hosts eggs; cuckoo chick removes eggs
  142. 142Why are hosts not more discriminatory of other eggs?Too much risk of getting rid of their own eggs
  143. 143What's an example of indirect co-evolution?Insect aposematism - warning colours and often poisonous
  144. 144What did the Gittleman and Harvey (1980) experiment show about indirect co-evolution?Used chicks and dyed some seeds green and some blue - put both on blue background and made green seeds distasteful; chicks avoided green seeds even though they were easier to find
  145. 145What is aposematism and give 2 examples of species that do thisOther species may benefit by mimicry; wasp mimics (predators avoid hoverflies as they look like wasps) and monarch butterfly mimics
  146. 146Give an example of mutualismPollination with bees and flowers
  147. 147What is 'The Red Queen hypothesis/effect'?'It takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place' - changes in one species has knock on effects for many
  148. 148Name 5 features of mating effortTerritory defence; mate attraction; female defence; nuptial gifts (e.g. bird providing fish for mating); flower producing
  149. 149What are the 2 features of parental effort?Parental care and investment in gametes
  150. 150What does these 2 factors cause?A trade off between mating efforts and parental efforts
  151. 151What species puts more effort into mating than parenting?Salmon
  152. 152What species puts less effort into mating than parenting?Sand Goby
  153. 153What species includes males only putting effort into mating and females mostly putting effort into parenting?Peacocks
  154. 154What is another potential trade-off within parental effort?Parental care vs. investment in gametes
  155. 155Give an example of a species that has lots of offspring and not much parental care (r selection) and a species that has few offspring with more parental care (K selection)Cod = millions of eggs
    Sand Goby = 200 eggs
  156. 156Give 2 examples of species that provide lots of parental careFrogs/scorpions carry young on backs and weaver birds build elaborate hanging nests to avoid snakes
  157. 157What is parental investment?Resources allocated from parent to offspring which INCREASE offspring viability at a COST to the parent
  158. 158Give an example of a direct cost of parental care'Hard labour' takes up energy of 4x basal metabolic rate
  159. 159Give an example of a indirect cost of parental careLost future reproductive oppurtunities
  160. 160In what species of bird are 'egg making' resources not limited?Wrynecks lay one egg per day until they 'feel' a full clutch - removal of eggs can induce them to lay up to 76 eggs
  161. 161What is the cost of reproduction in Willow Tits?Decline of survival of parents as offspring number increases
  162. 162What work was done into finding out the costs of reproduction in Collared flycatchers?Brood size manipulated; didn't affect parent survival; affects brood size of following year
  163. 163Give an example of how different sexed parents are affected differently in reproduction costs?Male lumpsucker fish have a higher mortality rate as defend eggs in shallow waters (so more vulnerable to predation)
  164. 164What reproductive costs affect red deer?If high rainfall and have reared a calf = higher parent mortality rate; if reared male calf = higher parent mortality rate
  165. 165Give an example of where there is a variation in clutch size but a trade off between clutch size and chick weightThe Great Tit
  166. 166What is sexual selection? What are the characteristics associated with this sort of selection called?Causes the evolution of traits which give the owners a mating advantage over others of the same sex - secondary sexual characteristics
  167. 167Are secondary sexual characteristics linked to gamete production/transfer?No
  168. 168Why is it usually the males that compete?Gamete size (sperm is smaller,produced in larger numbers&'cheap') and potential rate of reproduction (females have approx. 19 month turn around and males is only a day or two)
  169. 169What experiment was done into potential rate of reproduction?Bateman's (1948) experiment into Drosophila flies shows positive correlation in males between no.mates and offspring but plateaus in females
  170. 170How can the fact that males are ardent and females are choosy be explained?100males:100females; 10 females impregnated = 100:90 so females are in short supply (males in excess so females can be choosy)
  171. 171What are the 2 advantages to being choosy?Investment in eggs relatively high and breeding opportunities relatively rare
  172. 172What is the difference between intra-sexual selection and inter-sexual selection?Intra = competition within same sex for a mate
    Inter = mate choice between members of different sexes (usually with elaborate displays for example)
  173. 173Give an example of intra-sexual selection within a species, how is not natural selection?Antlers & horns in ungulates e.g. male red deer have antlers and females don't - many shed antlers in winter when predation risk is highest (shows they're secondary sexual characteristics)
  174. 174Give an example of size dismorphism within a species due to largest males usually winning competitionsElephant seal males are 10x bigger than the females
  175. 175As neither males benefit from fighting, how do red deer carry out 'sizing' rituals in increasing intensity?1. Roaring (louder roar=larger male)
    2. Parallel walking (judging relative size)
    3. Fighting
  176. 176In which species does eye distance equate to size?Stalk-eyed flies
  177. 177Why is mating with the right species beneficial in inter-sexual selection?Hybrids are often infertile/less fit
  178. 178Give an example of adaptations within a genus to ensure the right mate is chosen between speciesLitoria euringi and Litoria verrauxi are frog species; where they occur in sympatry, females from this hybrid zone are better adapted at choosing the right mate from their species
  179. 179What are some examples of direct benefits?Food, nests/laying sites, parental care, protection from harassment
  180. 180What are examples of 'good' genes that a male can pass down to offspring that act as an indirect benefit to females?Parasite resistance, longevity, 'sexiness'
  181. 181What about long-tailed widow birds suggests that the long tail is a secondary sexual characteristic?Males have long tails and females do not
  182. 182What effect did lengthening the tail of the male long-tailed widow birds have?Females preferred males with longer tails and so they had greater reproductive success
  183. 183In what species of birds does the complexity of their song repertoire effect their mating success?Sedge Warblers (shown by Clive Catchpole's study)
  184. 184What are the 2 main theories for evolution of elaborate traits?Fisher's Runaway Theory and the Handicap Principle
  185. 185What is the Runaway Theory based on?Female preference for a trait means greater reproductive success for the male
  186. 186In what 3 ways can this preference arise?Arbitrarily (no cost/benefit); natural selection to start with (e.g. faster runner); sensory bias (loud calls/obvious signals perceived first)
  187. 187What occurs due to assortative mating in male tail length and female preference?Linkage disequilibrium
  188. 188How can the Handicap Principle be explained in terms of male tail length?Long tails are expensive handicaps (hinderances), males ability to survive despite handicap makes them more appealing to females; may be a reliable signal of male viability (e.g. longevity)
  189. 189What are the 2 types of male Natterjack Toads?Calling males and satellite (silent) males
  190. 190What percentage of males are callers and satellites? What is the percentage of reproductive success?Callers=60% Satellites=40%
    Caller mating=80% Satellite mating=20%
  191. 191How have the satellites not become extinct?Satellites are smaller so can't 'out-croak' larger callers; all satellites are younger so will eventually become callers (are making the best of a bad job/situation)
  192. 192What are the 2 types of N.American Soho Salmon males? What is the difference between these?Hook-noses and jacks; hook-noses are large, brightly coloured and armed-mature at 3 years; jacks are small, dull and unarmed-mature at 2 years(females mature at 3 years, migrate, spawn and die)
  193. 193What 2 different approaches do the 2 male types take?Hooknoses fight for external fertilisation of eggs and jacks sneak by and fertilise eggs whilst hooknoses are fighting
  194. 194Fitness = .......... x .......... x ...........Fitness = survivorship to breed x breeding life span x mating success
  195. 195What 2 techniques can be used to measure the fitness of the Coho Salmon?Tagging measures survival and DNA analysis measures reproductive success
  196. 196What are the relative survival rates, breeding span and breeding success of jacks and hooknoses?Survival higher in jacks, breeding span higher in hooknoses and breeding success higher in hooknoses; fitness ratio = 0.95:1 so has equal pay-offs
  197. 197What is frequency dependency selection?Each type does best when it is rare in a population - reaches a stable equilibrium
  198. 198What are the 3 colours of Ruff males? What are the differences in terms of behaviours with these different colours?Black, brown and white; black/brown=independents and aggressive (77% of all males with 91% of matings); white=satellites and non-aggressive (23% of all males with 9% of matings)
  199. 199How can white Ruff males still survive?White Ruffs are tolerated by dark males as larger leks=more females per male; white males gain matings as dark males can't monopolise all females; testosterone levels higher in dark males which could decrease lifespans
  200. 200—

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BIOLOGY DEGREE LEVEL (LEC141) Flashcards on Flashcards for LEC 141, created by Anna Hollywood on 02/11/2016.
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