Flashcards
Ch. 5 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Cards in this deck (16)
- 1hypothesis testingProcedure for deciding whether the outcome of a study (results for a sample) supports a particular theory or practical innovation (which is thought to apply to a population).
- 2hypothesisA prediction, often based on observation, previous research , or theory, that is tested in a research study.
- 3theoryA set of principles that attempt to explain one or more facts, relationships, or events; behavioral and social scientists often derive specific predictions (hypotheses) from theories that are then tested in research studies.
- 4research hypothesisStatement in hypothesis testing about the predicted relation between populations (usually a prediction of a difference between population means).
- 5null hypothesisStatement about a relationship between populations that is the opposite of the research hypothesis; a statement that in the population there is no difference (or a difference opposite to that predicted) between populations; a contrived statement set up to examine whether it can be rejected as part of hypothesis testing.
- 6comparison distributionDistribution used in hypothesis testing, It represents the population situation if the null hypothesis is true. It is the distribution to which you compare the score based on you sample's results.
- 7cutoff sample scoreIn hypothesis testing, the point on the comparison distribution at which, if reached or exceeded by the sample score, you reject the null hypothesis; also called critical value.
- 8conventional levels of significance(p<.05, p<.01) The levels of significance widely used in the behavioral and social sciences.
- 9statistically significantConclusion that the results of a study would be unlikely if in fact the sample studied represents a population that is no different from the population in general; an outcome of hypothesis testing in which the null hypothesis is rejected.
- 10directionalResearch hypothesis predicting a particular direction of difference between population- for example, a prediction that the population like the sample studied has a higher mean than the population in general.
- 11one-tailed testHypothesis-testing procedure for a directional hypothesis; situation in which the region of comparison distribution in which the null hypothesis would be rejected is all on one side (or tail) of the distribution.
- 12non-directional hypothesisResearch hypothesis that does not predict a particular direction of difference between the population like the sample studied and the population in general.
- 13two-tailed testHypothesis-testing procedure for a non-directional hypothesis; the situation in which the region of the comparison distribution in which the null hypothesis would be rejected is divided between the two sides (tails) of the distribution.
- 14decision errorIncorrect conclusion in hypothesis testing in relation to the real (but unknown) situation, such as deciding the null hypothesis is false when it is really true.
- 15Type I errorRejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true; getting a statistically significant result when in fact the research hypothesis is not true.
- 16Type II errorFailing to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false; failing to get a statistically significant result when in fact the research hypothesis is true.
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- Survey of Analytical Techniques Flashcards on Ch. 5 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing, created by Jess B on 13/11/2016.
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