6996586
Description
Flashcards by McKenzie Sanders, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by McKenzie Sanders
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the directions in the 3D space of the brain? | Anterior (rostral) Posterior (caudal) Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral |
| What is the midline? | Line running down the middle of the nervous system Symmetrical halves |
| What is the neuraxis? | Imaginary line running through the spinal cord to the front of the brain |
| What direction does anterior/rostral refer to? | Towards the nose or head |
| What direction does posterior/caudal refer to? | Towards the tail |
| What direction does dorsal refer to? | Towards the back |
| What direction does ventral refer to? | Towards the belly |
| What direction does medial refer to? | Towards the midline |
| What direction does lateral refer to? | Away from the midline |
| What are the 3 planes of section in the CNS? | Sagittal Coronal/Frontal Horizontal |
| What is the sagittal plane? | Cut perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis |
| What is the midsagittal plane? | Cuts in sagittal plane down middle to divide the brain into two symmetrical halves |
| What is the coronal/frontal plane? | Transverse cuts or cuts perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane |
| What is the horizontal plane? | Cuts parallel to the ground |
| What is the difference between nuclei and ganglia? | Nuclei are a collection of cell bodies in the CNS; Ganglia are a collection of cell bodies in the PNS |
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent? | Afferent: incoming axons/information towards an area Efferent: Outgoing axons/information away from an area |
| What is the difference between contralateral and ipsilateral? | Contralateral: opposite side Ipsilateral: Same side |
| What are the 5 major divisions of the brain at maturity? | Mesencephalon Myencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon Metencephalon |
| What is the first development of the CNS? | Neural tube |
| What does the neural tube first develop into? | Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
| What does the forebrain develop into? | Telencephalon Diencephalon |
| What does the midbrain develop into? | Mesencephalon |
| What does the hindbrain develop into? | Metencephalon Myelencephalon |
| What are meninges? | Protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord |
| What are the 3 layers of the meninges? | Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater |
| What is the dura mater? | Thick, tough, flexible outer layer of the meninges |
| What is the arachnoid membrane? | Middle layer of the meninges that is spongy and soft and has a web-like appearance |
| What is the subarachnoid space? | Space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane that is filled with CSF |
| What is the pia mater? | Thin membrane of the meninges that is closely attached the brain and spinal cord |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? | Clear fluid similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular system and subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord |
| What are ventricles? | Hollow spaces in the brain that are interconnected and filled with CSF Protection for the brain |
| What is the choroid plexus? | Makes CSF using components from blood |
| What is the path for the circulation of CSF? | Lateral ventricles → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → openings in the subarachnoid space → reabsorbed into the blood |
| What part of the brain is the telencephalon located in? | Forebrain |
| What does the telencephalon contain? | Cortex Basal ganglia Limbic system |
| What are the structural features of the human cortex? | Large surface area Largely convoluted Sulci & gyri |
| What is a sulcus? | Large groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere |
| What is a gyrus? | Ridge of cortex surrounded by sulci |
| What are the structural divisions of the cortex? | Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe |
| Where is the frontal lobe? | Anterior to central fissure |
| Where is the parietal lobe? | On the side of the cerebral hemisphere posterior to the central fissure |
| Where is the temporal lobe? | Ventral to the lateral fissure on the sides of the brain Ventral to frontal and parietal lobes |
| Where is the occipital lobe? | Posterior end of brain caudal to the parietal lobe |
| What are the 3 large regions of the cortex that receive sensory information? | Primary visual cortex (V1) Primary auditory cortex (A1) Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) |
| What is the region of cortex involved in control of movement? | Primary motor cortex (M1) |
| What are association areas? | Perceiving, learning, remembering, planning and acting |
| What are the 2 association areas of the cortex? | Sensory association cortex Motor association cortex |
| What is the sensory association cortex involved in? | Perceiving and storing memories |
| What is the motor association cortex involved in? | Planning and execution of movements |
| What is the function of the prefrontal cortex? | Planning and strategizing |
| Where is the prefrontal cortex? | All cortical areas rostral to the motor association cortex |
| What connects the two cerebral hemispheres? | Corpus callosum |
| What is lateralization? | Functions that are located in just one cerebral hemisphere (one side of the body only) |
| How is most information in the brain projected? | Contralaterally |
| What does it mean to "split the brain"? | Procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them |
| What is the left hemisphere primarily responsible for? | Analyzing information Sequential processing. extraction of elements, organizing serial events |
| What is the right hemisphere primarily responsible for? | Synthesis of information Ability to draw 3D objects, read maps, non-sequential processing |
| Where are language and speech lateralized? | Left hemisphere Wernicke's area and Broca's area |
| What is the function of the Wernicke's area? | Speech comprehension |
| What is the function of the Broca's area? | Speech production |
| Where is emotion recognition and facial expression production lateralized? | Right hemisphere |
| What has an advantage in recognizing facial expressions and emotion in the tone of voice? | Left-ear/left-visual field |
| What is Gazzaniga's theory about the hemispheres? | Left hemisphere is "the interpreter"- searches for causal relationships and seeks explanations Right hemisphere maintains accuracy- keeps an accurate record of events |
| What does Gazzaniga's theory state as its advantages to a dual system? | Right maintains the record Left can elaborate and make inferences and predictions |
| How do we get evidence for lateralization? | Split-brain patients People who have had their corpus callosum severed |
| What is split-brain surgery used as a last-resort treatment for? | Epilepsy |
| How are gray matter and white matter structured in the cortex? | Gray matter is most external; white matter is internal White matter: axon tracts & fiber pathways |
| How are the layers structured in the cortex? | Older parts of the brain have fewer cortical layers |
| Where is the diencephalon located in the brain? | Forebrain |
| What structures does the diencephalon contain? | Thalamus and hypothalamus |
| What do the thalamus and hypothalamus surround? | 3rd ventricle |
| Where is the thalamus? | Located in the center of the brain ventral to the cortex |
| What is the thalamus? | Two lobes connected by massa intermedia |
| What is the primary function of the thalamus? | Sensory relay to cortex |
| Where is the hypothalamus located? | Base of the brain under the thalamus |
| What does the hypothalamus contain? | Many nuclei and fiber tracts Autonomic and endocrine system |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? | Organizes behavior related survival 4 F's (Fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating) |
| What is the pituitary gland controlled by? | Hypothalamus |
| What are neurosecretory cells? | Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus that secrete hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones |
| What are the 2 divisions of the pituitary gland? | Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary |
| What does the anterior pituitary do? | Secretes hormones that control the endocrine glands in the body |
| What is the posterior pituitary? | Extension of the hypothalamus Hypothalamus produces hormones that get secreted by posterior pituitary |
| What 3 divisions of the brain contain limbic system? | Telencephalon, Diencephalon & Mesencephalon |
| What is the limbic system involved in? | Emotion, learning & memory |
| What structures are in the limbic system? | Hippocampus Amygdala Fornix Mammillary bodies Cingulate gyrus Septum pellucidum & septal nuclei Nucleus accumbens |
| What is the hippocampus? | Rams horn shape Involved in learning & memory |
| What is the amygdala? | Almond shape at rostral end of the temporal lobe Involved in emotion, fear and specific types of learning & memory |
| What is the fornix? | Fiber tract that connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies |
| What are mammillary bodies? | Protrusion on the base of the brain under the hypothalamus |
| What is the cingulate gyrus? | Region of limbic cortex above corpus callosum |
| What are the septum pellucidum/septal nuclei? | Involved in reward/reinforcement |
| What is the nucleus accumbens? | Associated with reward, pleasure, aggression and impulsivity |
| Which two divisions of the brain contain the basal ganglia? | Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
| What is the basal ganglia? | Collection of nuclei involved in the control of movement |
| What 3 structures comprise the basal ganglia? | Caudate Putamen Globus Pallidus |
| What is the striatum? | Caudate & putamen |
| What division of the brain is the Mesencephalon? | Midbrain |
| What is surrounded by the mesencephalon? | Cerebral aqueduct |
| What are the two primary structures of the mesencephalon? | Tectum & Tegmentum |
| Where is the tectum located? | Dorsal part of midbrain |
| What are the 2 systems in the tectum? | Inferior colliculi Superior colliculi |
| What are the inferior colliculi involved in? | Auditory system |
| What are the superior colliculi involved in? | Visual system (visual reflexes) |
| Where is the tegmentum located? | Ventral part of midbrain beneath the tectum |
| What structures is the tegmentum comprised of? | Reticular formation Oculomotor nuclei Periaqueductal gray (PAG) Red nucleus Substantia nigra (SN) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
| What is the reticular formation? | Rostral end of tegmentum Many nuclei Involved in sleep, arousal, attention, movement and reflexes |
| What are the oculomotor nuclei? | Nuclei controlling eye movements |
| What is the PAG? | Surrounds cerebral aqueduct Controls sequences of movements in species-specific behaviors |
| What is the red nucleus? | Motor nucleus Receives motor information from cerebellum and cortex and sends it to the spinal cord |
| What is the SN? | Motor nucleus Connected to caudate and putamen |
| What is the VTA? | Connected to the prefrontal cortex & nucleus accumbens Motivational system |
| What division of the brain contains the Metencephalon? | Hindbrain |
| What comprises the metencephalon? | Pons & cerebellum |
| What is the pons? | Large bulge in brainstem between the mesencephalon and the medulla, ventral to the cerebellum |
| What is the function of the pons? | Contains reticular formation (sleep and arousal) and relay nuclei (information from cortex to the cerebellum) |
| What is the cerebellum? | Dorsal to the pons Two cerebellar hemispheres Important component of the motor system |
| What is the cerebellum involved in? | Any movement that needs timing information Complex movement patterns |
| Where is the myelencephalon located? | Hindbrain |
| What is the myelencephalon comprised of? | Medulla Reticular formation |
| What is the medulla? | Most caudal portion of the brain Lower border is the rostral end of the spinal cord Reticular formation regulates cardiovascular system, breathing & skeletal muscle tone |
| What is the origin of the spinal cord? | Notochord |
| What is the spinal cord? | Cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla |
| What are the functions of the spinal cord? | Distributes motor axons to effector organs and muscles Collects somatosensory information to pass to brain Reflexive circuits |
| What protects the spinal cord? | Vertebrae |
| What is the cauda equina? | End of cord that is made up of spinal roots |
| How is the spinal cord structured? | Small bundles of axons emerge from each side of the spinal cord in 2 lines on the dorsolateral & ventrolateral surface 31 pairs of dorsal and ventral roots |
| What is the dorsal root? | Spinal root that contains afferent sensory axons |
| What is the ventral root? | Spinal root that contains efferent motor axons |
| What makes the spinal cord the opposite of the brain? | White matter on outside, gray matter on inside |
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