7008551
Description
Flashcards by McKenzie Sanders, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by McKenzie Sanders
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is experimental ablation? | Removal or destruction of a portion of the brain of a lab animal |
| What is the assumption that experimental ablation makes? | Presumed that i functions are lost they are controlled by the region that was taken out or destroyed |
| What is a lesion study? | Experimental study where the behavior of animals with brain lesions is observed |
| What are the goals of experimental ablation? | Discover what functions are performed by different regions of the brain Understand how these functions are combined to accomplish particular behaviors |
| What is a consideration of experimental ablation? | Must be careful in interpreting results; brains are not comprised of discrete units If you affect one thing you affect others |
| What are the different ways in which researchers produce lesions? | RF lesion Excitotoxic lesion Selective lesions Reversible lesions |
| What is an RF lesion? | Brain lesion produced by passing radio frequency current through a wire in the brain |
| What is an excitotoxic lesion? | Lesion produced by an intracerebral injection of an excitatory amino acid |
| What is a selective lesion? | Can lesion particular groups of neurons with specific drugs |
| What is a reversible lesion? | Can use an anesthetic such as lidocaine to anesthetize part of the brain during a particular task |
| What is stereotaxic surgery? | Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in a specified position of the brain |
| What is the function of an electrode in stereotaxic surgery? | Produces an electrical current |
| What is a cannula? | Small tube used to deliver drugs |
| What is a stereotaxic apparatus used for? | Holds the animal's head rigidly in a 3D coordinate system |
| What is a reference point? | Need a zero point for the 3D coordinate system |
| What is the stereotaxic atlas? | Species specific collection of drawings or sections of the brain with measurements that provide coordinates |
| What is the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull called? | Bregma |
| Which group of humans allows us the opportunity to study the human brain? | Brain damage patients Disease or Accident |
| How do we observe the behavioral effects of brain damage? | Correlate possible function to brain areas that are damaged |
| What is the goal of studying human brains? | To associate particular brain areas with particular functions or behaviors |
| What is a consideration in studying the human brain? | Imprecise lesions |
| Which 2 imaging methods are used to study the human brain? | Computerized tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| What is a CT scan? | The use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a 2D picture |
| What is an MRI? | Technique used to image the interior of the body/brain using the interaction between radio waves & a strong magnetic field |
| What is a histological method? | Need to very placement of lesion, electrode or cannula |
| What are the uses of histological methods? | Fix tissue Section the brain Examine the brain |
| Why do we need to preserve brain tissue in order to study the brain? | Unpreserved tissue degrades due to enzymatic activity |
| What is a fixative? | Chemical used to prepare and preserve body tissue |
| What is a microtome used for? | Instrument used to produce very thin slices of tissue |
| What is the purpose of staining? | Staining is used to see the fine details in the tissue Tissue itself is gray |
| How are brain lesions verified? | By using a cell body stain Look at slides under a light microscope to verify placement |
| What 2 processes are used to identify neurons that contain a particular type of receptor? | Immunocytochemistry Autoradiography |
| What is immunocytochemistry? | Localization of the receptor using histological methods (antibody binding to receptor) |
| What is autoradiography? | Localization of a radioactive ligand (radioactive substance binding to receptor) Can stain neurons that have a particular receptor subtype |
| What process is used in identifying neurons that produce a particular neurotransmitter? | Immunocytochemistry |
| What is involved in the process of immunocytochemistry? | Localization of a peptide or protein Localization of synthesizing enzyme |
| What is anterograde labeling? | Labels axons and terminal buttons of neurons located in a particular region |
| How does anterograde labeling work? | Chemical is taken up by dendrites and cell bodies Transported down the axon to the terminal buttons (Anterograde axoplasmic transport) |
| What is PHA-L? | A protein used as an anterograde tracer |
| What is retrograde labeling? | Labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region |
| How does retrograde labeling work? | Chemical is taken up by terminal buttons Transported back up the axon to the cell body |
| What is fluorogold? | Dye that is used as a retrograde tracer |
| What is the goal of tracing neural pathways? | Map neural pathways |
| What are the considerations in tracing neural pathways? | Amount of tracer to inject How long to wait between the injection of the tracer and sacrificing the animal |
| What method is used to record neural activity? | EEG |
| What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)? | A recording of the electrical activity from a population of neurons |
| How is an EEG taken? | Electrodes are placed on the scalp and differences in potential are recorded and summed Record by frequency (Hz) and amplitude |
| Which 4 waves associated with different stages of awareness during an EEG? | Alpha Beta Theta Delta |
| On which population is single-cell recording performed? | Animals |
| What is the purpose of a microelectrode? | Used to record activity of individual neurons |
| How can we record firing rate? | Chronic recordings can be made from electrodes that have been stereotactically implanted |
| When are single-cell recordings done? | While the animal is performing a behavior |
| What else is activated when neurons are? | Particular genes |
| Which protein is produced as a result of neural activation? | Fos |
| What does Fos labelling tell us? | If a neuron has recently been active |
| What is immunohistochemistry? | Uses antibodies to identify specific molecules in tissue |
| How is metabolic activity recorded in living people? | Positron emission tomography (PET) |
| What is a PET scan? | Use of a device that reveals the location of a radioactive tracer in a living brain Detects radioactive decay of 2-DG |
| What is an fMRI? | Functional MRI Using MRI signal changes (produced by changes in blood flow to active areas) while people are performing tasks to assess areas that could be involved in that particular task performance |
| Which method has better resolution: PET or fMRI? | fMRI |
| What genetic methods are used in neuroscience? | Knock out mice (targeted mutations) Twin studies Adoption studies |
| What are "knock out mice"? | Example of targeted mutations Lab mouse in which researchers have inactivated an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA |
| What are twin studies used for? | Examining the influence of heredity of a particular trait |
| How are twin studies performed? | Compare concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins |
| What is a concordance rate in twin studies? | Amount of twins sharing the trait being studied |
| What are adoption studies used for? | Examine the heritability of a trait |
| How are adoption studies done? | Compare people adopted early in life with biological and adoptive parents |
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