Flashcards
Neurology - Anatomy
Cards in this deck (160)
- 1integrationparallel processing and interpretation of sensory info to determine appropriate response
- 2CNSBrain and spinal cord
integration and control centers - 3PNScranial and spinal nerves
communication lines btw CNS and rest of the body - 4sensory division of PNS (afferent)somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS - 5motor division of PNS (efferent)motor nerve fibers
conducts impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands) - 6autonomic nervous system (ANS) division of motor PNSVisceral (involuntary motor)
conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands - 7somatic nervous system division of motor PNSSomatic motor (voluntary)
conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle - 8Sympathetic division of ANSmobilizes body systems during activity ("fight or flight")
- 9Parasympathetic division of ANSconserves energy
promotes "housekeeping" functions during rest
"rest and digest" - 10afferent neurons travel ____ root toward ______ in _______ tractsdorsal, CNS, ascending
- 11efferent neurons travel ______ root away from ______ in _______ tractsventral, CNS, descending
- 12Neuronbasic functional unit of nervous system
- 13Neuroglial of Glial cellsstructurally and functionally support neurons
"helper cells"
binding agents to maintain form of nervous system
provide metabolic support
play role in repair of damaged nervous tissue - 14Cell body AKA (2)Soma or Perikaryon
- 15Cell Bodycontrol center of neuron
synthesizes enzymes and other molecules for normal function
have Nissl bodies - 16Nissl BodiesRough endoplasmic reticulum
found scattered in cell body
within dendrites not axons
present because protein - 17Nucleigroups of nerve cell bodies in CNS
- 18Gangliagroup of nerve cell bodies outside brain in PNS
- 19Process & the 2 kindsan arm like extension coming off of every neuron
Dendrites and Axons - 20Dendritesreceive stimuli, or impulses from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to cell body
- 21Axonconducts nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body TOWARD another neuron or an effector organ
- 22Axolemmaaxon plasma membrane
- 23Synaptic knobs akaTelodendrion
branching terminal ends of axons that make contact with other neurons or effector organ - 24Tracts or Fasciculibundles of nerve processes in CNS
- 25Nervesbundle of nerve processes in PNS
- 26motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ______CNS
- 27sensory neurons have their cell bodies outside the ______CNS
- 28Cells that form myelin sheath in CNSoligodendrocytes
- 29Cells that form myelin sheath in PNSschwann cells
- 30What assists in regeneration of injured axons?Neurolemma
- 31spaces lacking myelin sheath are called...Nodes of Ranvier
impulses jump from node to node - 32White mattermyelinated axons in the CNS
- 33Grey matterneuron cell bodies in CNS
- 343 Parts of the Brain stemMedulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain - 35Cerebrum AKATelencephalon
- 36Cerebrum-responsible for functions associated with "higher order" behaviors
-interprets sensory info
-initiates voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscle
-integrates neuron activity associated with communication
-involved in expression of emotional responses, memory, recall - 37Fissurerefers to a deep Sulcus
- 38Hemispheres of cerebrum divided by _______ and is connected internally by _________longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
- 394 lobes of cerebral hemisphereparietal, frontal, occipital, temporal
- 40ventricles are filled with...CSF fluid
- 41Order of white/grey matter in cerebrum and cerebellumcovering of grey matter (cell bodies)
central mass of white matter (axons- myelin)
basal nuclei - 42Basal Nucleiimportant in initiation and maintenance of normal motor activity
- 43Cerebellumallows body to have smooth, coordinated movement, posture, balance, and complex reflexes
Compares movement body intends to make with actual position of muscles and joints - 44Where does cerebellum receive impulses from?Proprioceptive receptors
Equilibrium apparatus in inner ear - 45what separates the two lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?the vermis
- 46Diencephalon AKA "between brain"serves as nervous system passageway btw primitive brainstem and the cerebrum.
- 475 parts of DiencephalonThalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypophysis
Third Ventricle - 48Thalamus"relay station" for regulating sensory input to the brain
above hypothalamus
relayed here and info sent to other parts of brain - 49Epithalamusbehind thalamus
Olfactory correlation center
pineal gland - 50Pineal Gland (what it does and location)found in epithalamus
endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, important in circadian rhytms and sleep cycles - 51HypothalamusBelow epithalamus
connects diencephalon with pituitary gland
links nervous and endocrine systems
function in autonomic activities and behavior
role in hunger, thirst, temp control and component of rage and anger response - 52Pituitary gland hangs off the bottom of the _____________hypothalamus
- 53Pituitary Gland AKAHypophysis
- 54HypophysisPituitary Gland
"master gland"
regulates hormone production and release throughout body - 55Third VentricleWithin Diencephalon
contains CSF fluid
connected to other ventricles - 56"Mid Brain" AKAMesencephalon
- 57Brain stemconnection btw the rest of brain and spinal cord
Most primitive part of the brain
maintains basic support functions of body
operates on subconscious level
involved in autonomic control
many of the cranial nerves originate from here - 58Midbrainauditory and visual reflex center
nuclei of two cranial nerves found here
several descending tracts - 59Medulla Oblongata and Pons-ascending an descending pathways
-sensory and motor nuclei for most cranial nerves originating in brain stem
-large part of central mechanism of postural reflexes
-several reflex centers for autonomic & visceral functions - 60Limbic Systemregulated centrally by hypothalamus
area associated with olfaction, autonomic functions,and certain aspects of emotion and behavior - 61The ventricles in the brain develop from the...lumen of embryonic neural tube
starts off as flat cells, folds over until it forms a tube where ventricles are within - 62The lateral ventricle is connected to the to the 3rd ventricle by the....interventricular foramina
- 63The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th by the....mesencephalic aqueduct
- 644th ventriclecommunicates with subarachnoid space surrounding CNS through 2 lateral apertures
sandwiched between the pons and medulla - 65Order of white/grey matter in the diencephalon and brainstem (and spinal cord)outer white matter (myelinated tracts)
inner grey matter (neuron cell bodies) - 66what is responsible for forming the bulk of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) fluid?Choroid Plexus
- 67Choroid Plexustuft of capillaries that protrudes from the lumen of each ventricle and is responsible for forming bulk of CSF fluid
- 68Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF fluid)fills ventricles and surrounds CNS
continuously formed, circulated, and reabsorbed into spaces of nervous system - 69Arachnoid Granulationstiny structures that protrudes into blood filled dura sinus and acts as one way valves for return of CSF from subarachnoid space to venous blood
- 70function of CSF fluidcushing effect for brain and spinal cord
involved in regulation of some autonomic functions ex. respiration and vomiting - 71Hydrocephaluscondition in which excessive fluid is found within and around brain
can cause dome shaped head in young animals
Either too much fluid, or inability to drain it - 72Meningesconnective tissue coverings of brain and spinal cord
- 733 Layers of BrainDura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater - 74which layer of the brain forms the inner periosteum?The dura mater
- 75Dural Sinuseswhen dura splits into two layers in certain locations
venous space formed and filled with blood
assists in returning CSF to general circulation - 76Subdural Spaceformed btw dura mater and arachnoid as a result of trauma, pathological processes, or absence of CSF in cadavers
- 77subarachnoid spacespace btw arachnoid and pia mater filled with CSF
- 78Cisterna Magnaexpansion of subarachnoid space btw caudal surface of cerebellum and dorsal surface of medulla, just inside foramen magnum.
spot for CSF tap - 79which layer of the brain forms sheaths around blood vessels?Pia mater
- 80Leptomeningesrefers to the pia mater and arachnoid together
- 81spinal cord ends at the...cauda equina
- 82spinal cord segmentarea of cord defined by the presence of a pair of spinal nerves
- 83Spinal Nervewhere both the motor neurons and sensory neurons come together and form mixed neuron nerve
- 84dorsal root ganglionwhere sensory neuronal cell bodies are present
- 85Dorsal Hornspinal grey matter, sensory nerve
- 86Ventral hornspinal cord grey matter, motor nerve
- 87The cell body of the sensory nerve is found in the __________dorsal root ganglion
- 88The cell body of the motor nerve is found in the ______________ventral horn
- 89dura mater in the spinal cord is separated from the periosteum by the...epidural space
- 90where are the tracts found in the spinal cord?In the white mater
- 91Dermatomean area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
- 92Plexusinterlacing of the ventral branches of spinal nerves adjacent to vertebral column in every region except thorax
- 93intercostal thoracic nerves do not form a...plexus
- 94Brachial Plexusaxillary (armpit region)
last few cervical to T1 and T2
supplies most intrinsic and some extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb - 95Radial Nerve is the largest branch of the...Brachial Plexus
- 96Function of Radial Nervemotor impulses to extensor muscles of elbow, carpus and digits
sensory impulses to brain from craniolateral forearm in all species, and dorsal surface of paw (but not in horse) - 97Location of Radial Nerveextending from brachial plexus into triceps brachii
passes around caudal aspect of humerus to reach lateral side of arm
cont. distally where it branches into superficial and deep branches to forearm - 98Motor Damage to Radial Nerve(high) above innervation of triceps brachii, inability to bear weight because can't extend elbow
(low) distal to triceps brachii innervation, knuckling over because paw can't be extended - 99Sensory Loss of Radial NerveAnalgesia to dorsal surface of paw and forelimb (only carpus in horse)
- 100Analgesiasensory loss
inability to feel pain - 101Median and Ulna Nerve are part of which plexus?BRACHIAL PLEXUS
- 102Function of Median and Ulna nerveMedian = motor impulses to most flexors of forearm
Ulna = motor to some flexors of forearm and muscles of manus
Both carry sensory impulses to brain from palmer manus (foot pads). Ulna is also sensory to caudal forearm and innervates 5th most lateral digit in dog - 103Median nerve locationruns with brachial vessels and ulna nerve in arm
continues on medial side of forearm where it branches to medial and palmar nerve - 104Ulna nerve locationthe most caudal of the three brachial plexus nerves
medial side of arm
at elbow it separates from median nerve and moves caudally to caudal aspect of forearm
"funny bone" - 105Motor Damage to Median and Ulna nervedamage to one and not the other doesn't affect gait, damage to both causes carpus and fetlock to sink due to loss of muscle tone
- 106Sensory damage to Median nervepartial sensory loss to palmar paw
- 107Sensory damage to Ulna nerveanalgesia to 5th most lateral digit
- 108Musculocutaneous nerve is part of...brachial plexus
- 109Musculocutaneous nerve functionprovides innervation to flexors of elbow (biceps brachii and brachialis)
- 110Motor Damage to Musculocutaneous nerveinability to flex elbow
- 111Sensory Damage to Musculocutaneous nervedamage to medial side of limb
- 112Suprascapular nerve is part of...brachial plexus
- 113Suprascapular nerve functioninnervates infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles
- 114Suprascapular nerve motor damageatrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle (sweeny)
- 115Thoracodorsal nerve part of...brachial plexus
- 116Thoracodorsal nerve provides motor innervation to...latissimus dorsi
- 117Axillary nerve is part of...brachial plexus
- 118Axillary nerve provides motor innervation to the...shoulder flexors (deltoid, teres major and minor)
- 119Axillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the...cranial arm and forearm
- 120What three sensory nerves in the Equine extend past the carpus?median, ulnar and median cutaneous antebrachial (branch of musculocutaneous nerve)
- 121Lumbosacral Plexusconsists of ventral branches of lumbar and sacral nerves
nerves supply to pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump and perineum - 122Femoral Nerve is a...and is part of the....Pelvic Nerve, Lumbosacral Plexus
- 123Femoral Nerve Locationfound on medial surface of the thigh running with the femoral artery and vein
- 124Femoral nerve motor functionto the muscles of thigh (extensors of stifle [quadriceps femoris])
- 125Femoral nerve sensory functionsensory from skin, hips, thigh, leg, and knee
- 126Injury to Femoral nerve causes...Inability to extend stifle joint to support weight
- 127Saphenous nerve is part of...Lumbosacral Plexus (Pelvic Nerve)
- 128Obturator Nerve is part....the lumbosacral plexus (pelvic nerve)
- 129Saphenous Nerve Locationsuperficial branch of the femoral nerve
- 130Saphenous Nerve sensory and motor innervationcutaneous innervation to medial side limb and motor to sartorius
- 131Obturator nerve motor functionmotor to medial adductor muscles of thigh
help keep legs from falling out under - 132Obturator nerve damagelateral slipping on a slick surface due to loss of adductor muscle control
- 1333 Branches of Lumbosacral trunkCranial gluteal
Caudal gluteal
Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve - 134Cranial Glutealbranch of lumbosacral trunk
flexor and extensors of hip - 135Caudal Glutealbranch off of lumbosacral trunk
extensor of hip - 136Caudal cutaneous femoral nervebranch off of lumbosacral trunk
sensory innervation to caudal thigh - 137Sciatic nerve AKAIschiatic nerve
- 138Sciatic nerve is part of...Lumbosacral plexus (pelvic nerve)
- 139Sciatic nerve splits into...splits into tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves
- 140Sciatic nerve innervationsupplies caudal muscle and by its terminal branches the muscle of crus and pes
- 141Sciatic nerve locationcontinues to lumbosacral trunk caudal to hip joint, to run distally caudal to femur and deep to biceps femoris muscle
- 142What is the largest nerve of the lumbosacral plexus?Sciatic nerve
- 143crusbottom part of leg
- 144Sciatic nerve motor damageknuckling over (peroneal nerve) but had ability to bear weight (intact femoral nerve)
- 145Sciatic nerve sensory damageloss of sensation below stifle, except on medial side (saphenous nerve)
- 146Tibial nerve is a terminal branch of the...sciatic nerve
- 147Location of tibial nerveruns between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
- 148the tibial nerve supplies...caudal muscle of caudal leg
- 149The tibial nerve splits into...the medial and lateral plantar nerves that supply mainly sensation to plantar aspect of the pes
- 150Tibial nerve damageminimal motor affect
dropping of hock
analgesia to plantar side of paw - 151common peroneal (fibular) nerve is one of the terminal branches of the...sciatic nerve
- 152location of the common peroneal (fibular) nervecourses around lateral side of crus (over fibula)
- 153common peroneal (fibular) nerve supplies?craniolateral muscles of crus (deep peroneal branch) and the skin of the craniolateral crus and dorsal foot (superficial peroneal branch)
- 154common peroneal (fibular) nerve is part of the...lumbosacral plexus (pelvic nerve)
- 155tibial nerve is part of the....lumbosacral plexus (pelvic nerve)
- 156Common peroneal motor damageknuckling over because can't extend digits
- 157common peroneal sensory damagecutaneous sensation lost to the dorsal surface of the leg and pes
- 158Pudendal Nervepelvic nerve that arises from ventral branch of sacral nerves
supplies genitalia, rectum and perineum
branch of this is responsible for parasympathetic supply to pelvis - 159Caudal Rectal NevrePelvic nerve
nerve supply to anus - 160—
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- Veterinary Technology Flashcards on Neurology - Anatomy, created by Alison Salvaggio on 06/12/2016.
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- Alison Salvaggio
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